关系词的意义及作用.doc

关系词的意义及作用定语从句是中学阶段英语语法中十分重要的一个语法项目。它在句子中出现的频率很高。对正确理解句子的意义起着举足轻重的作用。定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句，根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：一、引导定语从句。二、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。理解和牢记这两条概念，弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选用与判断在前一节中我们讲到正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。 关系词主语宾语表语定语状语说明that人/物人/物不能用于非限定性从句which物物who人whom人whose人/物whenwherewhyas主要用于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the sameas, asas,结构中。关系词的选用1.先行词为all,everything,nothing等不定代词，代替物时，定语从句that用引导。注：something后一般用which。Is there anything that you want to explain?In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.2.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only,very,none,no,little,few,much等修饰时定语从句用that引导。This is the only reason that I can say.This is the first step that can be taken.It is the best one that you may choose.3.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in which；b.一般情况下用that c.in which和that省去。 a. I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.b. Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did. Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.c. Thats the way I looked at it.The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.4.先行词是表示地点的名词时（country,school,room），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据 先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.定语从句（二）关系词的选用与判断（续）5.先行词是表示时间的名词（year,month,day,night），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。在掌握第4、第5条时应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。那就是他工作的大学。 at which he works. which he works at.That is the college where he works. that he works at. he works at.它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。 on which he was born which he was born onThe day when he was born wasAug.20,1952. that he was born on he was born on6. 除了第4、第5条中when，where可以用介词关系词这种用法外。还有其他情况也可以用这种结构。即： 介词which。或介词whom。请看下面例句：This is the classmate with whom Ill go to the cinema.The subject in which Im most interested is English.We can see the method by which the computer works.在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 三、关于as引导定语从句的问题as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the sameas，suchas，asas的结构中。1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。He married the girl，as(which)was natural.He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl.2.在the sameas,suchas,asas结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词名词。We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较：This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）注意事项：1.一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。2.在限制性定语从句中which, whom, that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom, who, which 不能省略。3.在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea, fact, thought, news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引导的定语从句。而the reason that也是that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。This is the reason why he was late.=This is the reason (that)he was late.6.当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免whowho, whichwhich等重叠，定语从句用that引导。Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?7.先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用that引导。John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.8.不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。He is no longer the man that he was.9.“one of可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数；而“one of可数名词复数”前有the，only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。He is one of the students who study very hard at school.He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.What 与高考一.用作连接代词，引导名词性从句。1 引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，宾语或表语。高考考例1. _ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. 2003上海春季高考 33A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; became思路点拨答案为B。 What引导主语从句，在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在表语从句中起连接作用。高考考例2. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 2000上海高考 27A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that思路点拨答案为A. 主语从句she couldnt understand 缺少宾语，要用what 引导。表语从句fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons 是一个完整的句子，要用why 引导。译文：为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。故选A.注：有时为了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，放句首，用what连接的主语从句作真正主语放句末。高考考例3.Its pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxidein and out the atmosphere today.A. that b. when C. what D. how思路点拨答案为C. What引导主语从句，what在从句中作主语。2. 引导表语从句，在从句中充当主语/表语/宾语。高考考例4. - Are you still thinking about yesterdays game?- Oh, thats _. 2003北京春季高考 25A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 思路点拨答案为A.此题考查what 引导表语从句，在表语从句中作主语。高考考例5. Perseverance is a kind of quality _ and thats _ it takes to do anything well. 2002上海高考 40A. what B. that C. which D. why 思路点拨答案为A. 这是一个表语从句，what 在表语从句中作 他可是的宾语。构成It takes sth to do sth 的句型。译文：坚定不移是一种品质-坚定不移使人们做好任何事情。3. 引导宾语从句，在从句中充当主语宾语或表语。高考考例6.People have heard what the president has said; they are waiting to see _ he will do. 2003安徽春季高考24A. how B. what C. when D. that思路点拨答案为B. 此题考查what引导的宾语从句，在从句中作do的宾语。排除A/C/D故选B.高考考例7. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule. Always give the monkey _ he wants. 2002上海 38A. what B. which C. when D. that思路点拨答案为A. 这是一个宾语从句，wants后面缺少宾语，所以要填写what。译文：当你在找工作面试回答问题时，请记住这条黄金定律：永远给予对方确定想要的东西。高考考例8. A computer can only do _ you have introduced it to do.A. how B. after C. what D. when 2001NMET 31思路点拨答案为C. 这是宾语从句，宾语从句中to do 缺少宾语，所以要选择what.又如：1. Little Tom was reluctant to tell the school master what he had done the day before. 2001上海春季312. - I think it is going to be a big problem.- Yes, it could be.- I wonder _ we can do about it. 2002春季28A. if B. how C. what D. that思路点拨答案为C. 考查宾语从句。二.用于感叹句中表示一种惊讶。高考考例9. _ role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A. How interesting B. How an interestingC. What interesting D. What an interesting思路点拨答案为D. 此题考查what 用于感叹句中表示惊讶。又如：(1) What a long way it is from Beijing to London! MET1989(2) What fine weather we are having today! MET1983(3) Oh, John. What a pleasant surprise you gave us! MET1990三.what 在强调数量少时与little/ few 连用。意为“尽管很少也都，尽管一点点也都”。高考考例10. The home improvements have taken what little there is _ my spare time.A. form B. in C. of D. at 2001NMET思路点拨答案为C. 译文：家庭改善花去了我仅有的一点点空余时间。又如: I spent what little time I had with my family.译文：我仅有的那一点时间都与家人度过了。四.在交际英语中的短语考查。1. What for:为什么，为何目的。e.g.: - Im going to the park.- What for?2. what if? 要是怎么办？假使将会怎么样？e.g.: What if he doesnt come?3. Whats like?e.g.1. -Whats the new teacher like?- Hes got a red beard./ He is honest, loyal and kind-hearted .e.g.2. - Whats the weather like today?- Its sunny/ rainy/cold/cloudy/强调句型“六强调” It作引导词，用于强调结构，一般用来强调陈述句中除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分，包括主语、宾语、状语和相关从句等，用来加强语气。这种强调句型一般用“It be +被强调部分+that（who）+其它部分”来构成，常用于现在时和过去时。如： I happened to meet Tom in the street the day before yesterday. 我前天碰巧在街上遇见了汤姆。 It was Tom that I happened to meet in the street the day before yesterday. 前天我在街上碰巧遇见的是汤姆。 It was I who / that happened to meet Tom in the street the day before yesterday. 是我前天碰巧在街上遇见了汤姆。 It was in the street that I happened to meet Tom the day before yesterday. 我前天是在街上碰巧遇见的汤姆。 It was the day before yesterday that I happened to meet Tom in the street. 我是前天碰巧在街上遇见了汤姆。I. 如果强调的部分是人，则人称代词须保持原来的形式，这时连接词可用who, whom代替that。如： It is he who / that teaches us French. 是他教我们法语。 It is us who / whom / that he teaches French. 他是教我们的法语。II. 如果强调句子中的地点、时间或原因状语时，连接词仍用that，不能用where, when或why。如： It is at the street crossing that I met one of my classmates that I had not seen for ages. 我是在十字路口碰到了我多年未见的老同学。 It was last month that I took part in the Palace ball. 我是在上个月参加的宫廷舞会（不能用when）。 It was for this reason, I suppose, that the book took a long time to come out. 我想正是由于这种原因使得那本书很长时间才出版（不能用why）。III. 当强调notuntil结构时，须将not until连用，后面接肯定式。如： It was not until at that time that I realized what trouble he was in. 直到那个时候我才意识到他有什么麻烦。 It was not until the bell rang that the teacher stopped his lesson. 直到铃响了老师才下课。IV. 强调句型的一般疑问句须将be的形式提前，放在句首。如： Was it she who said it like that? 是她那样说的吗？ Was it the book of this kind that they liked in their childhoods? 他们在孩提时代喜欢的是这种书吗？ Can it be Jack that stole the purse of the woman? 是杰克偷了那妇女的钱包吗？V. 强调句型还可用特殊疑问句。如： What was it that started the big fire in the building? 到底是什么原因引起那栋大楼的大火？ When was it that she returned the book to the library? 她是什么时候把书还回图书馆的？ Where was it that he had worked before he came to this place? 他在来这之前到底在哪儿工作呢？VI. 强调句型与主语从句的区别：强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而含主语从句的复合句中的it是指示代词，后面多为系表结构或被动语态。如果去掉It bethat，句子就不通顺了。如： It was in the lab that was taken charge by Professor Harris that they did the experiment. 他们正是在哈里斯教授负责的实验室里做的实验。（=They did the experiment in the lab that was taken charge by Professor Harris.） It is certain that he is honest and modest. 很显然，他是诚实而谦虚的。 It is known to all that paper was made first in China. 众所周知，纸是中国人最早制造出来的。英语倒装句(Inversion)主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称全部倒装,是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的