考研英语完型技巧.docVIP

完型【分三部分讲解：一、四分技巧。 二、四分到七分技巧。 三、七分以上技巧。】一、四分技巧：（与英语水平无关，人人可拿到4分）1、利用“红花绿叶”原则：（25道 红花绿叶题/每年）、红花词（必选的词）：However，although，yet，while，because，available。熟词僻义：Company，accommodate，disposable，average，means，normal，immediate，climate，observe，claim，draft，side，exposure，present，interpretation，credit，in perspective，upon，context，sbject，message，add，predict，put，cry，share，people，bird，rare，in question，career，put down to，down、绿叶词（必不选的词）： since（11次），ever since，now that，what（what 不放在名词后，不引导定语和同谓语从句） 。 虚拟语气系列词：if only，in case （唯恐、以免、万一），lest，or else（否则、要不然） 。【in case/lest的虚拟语气跟 should +V原】。（表示与真实情况相反和不相符的情况。与过去情况相反，从句用过去完成时；与现在情况相反，从句用一般过去时；与将来情况相反，用would/could + V原形。）if only（I wish 但愿，要是），【注意：only if(=if) 如果】,真题范例：44. A Even though B Now that C If only D Provided that 【1997】 44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. 解析：if only 后接过去时，若接了一般现在时肯定错!（一般现在时表示经常发生的动作和习惯性行为。一般现在时表示真的发生的事情，而虚拟语气表示假的，不会发生或没有发生的事情。） 表示关于的词：as to、with regard to、with/in reference to、about 。2、利用答案分布的规律： 、每篇完形填空中A、B、C、D作为正确选项的个数各在46个之间：Passage 8（2001）：DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDC 【A 5， B 5， C 5， D 5】Passage 9（2002）：ADCBB ADDCB DAACB DACBC 【A 5， B 5， C 5， D 5】Passage 10（2003）：ABCDC BDCAD ADBDC DBACA 【A 5， B 4， C 5， D 6】Passage 11（2004）：CDADA BCDAB ACDBA BBDAC 【A 6， B 5， C 4， D 5】Passage 12（2005）：CBACB ADADB CADCD BCDAB 【A 5， B 5， C 5， D 5】Passage 13（2006）：ABDAD CBCAA CBDCC ABCAD 【A 6， B 4， C 6， D 4】Passage 14（2007）：BDACC DBABC ADACB DCABD 【A 5， B 5， C 5， D 5】可见，全部选A 得3分。【评分时：没2.5分，都给四舍五入为3分。】、A作为正确选项的个数最多。、没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个答案都一样的情况为03个，相邻答案彼此都不一样的概率为1720。、在五个一组的答案中，至少要出现三个字母作为正确的选项，在每组接缝处不会连续两个答案都一样。【选项答案分布规律对于阅读 同样适用阅读20个选项中：A、B、C、D分别平均5个。】3、总结： 得4分，方法：利用“红花绿叶”原则，可得至少1分 剩余题全部选A，可得3分4分。二、四分到七分技巧：（与英语水平有点关系，但是关系不大，目标：7分）1、 同义原则：（47道 同义词辨析题/每年）、在四个选项中，有两个或三个实词（动、名、形、副）互为同义词时，答案往往在其中；、在四个选项中，有两个或三个虚词（介、连、感叹）互为同义词时，答案往往都不选；、当四个选项有一个共同意义时，该意义往往不能入选，要看选项的特殊含义。真题范例： 50. A if B as if C only if D if only 【虚词题】46. A approach B flow C fashion D trend 【实词名词题】 【1997】 46 in American business today, 。 “两个实词（C、D）互为同义词，答案在其中”。解析：approach V. 接近 approach to n. 方法、途径 approach to.flow n. 流程, 流动 v. 流动, 涌流, 溢过, 淹没. fashion n. 趋势(与生活有关), 方式, 流行, 时尚 vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把.塑造成. trend n. 倾向, 趋势(与政治、经济有关) vi. 伸向, 倾向, 通向.5. A generally B almost C hardly D not 【实词副词题】 【2006】解析：hardly 放在句首，句子要倒转。Not 放在句首，句子不必倒装。 若用hardly，则句子为：hardly does everyone agree on 43. A momentary B prompt C instant D immediate 【实词副词题】 【1998】解析：都有“立即，马上，迅速”之意，强调“时间点”，不能接时间段。由于四个选项具有同一个意思，所以该意思肯定不是命题点。换思路：instant / immediate都有“直接的”之意，则“两个实词（C、D）互为同义词，答案在其中”。 instant 与immediate区别：instant强调使用上很直接。immediate强调关系上很直接（直系亲戚，直接后果）。例如: instant coffee 速溶咖啡 instant noodle 方便面 immediate superior 顶头上司42. A For B Because C As D Since 【1997】解析：该题用“红花绿叶”原则选B，是错的，这是历年来“红花绿叶”原则失效得特例。再者，由于四个选项具有同一个意思“因为”，所以该意思肯定不是命题点。换思路：有关技巧后面讲。2、 逻辑关系题原则：(7道左右 逻辑关系题/每年 核心得分点 )、定义：通过前后句的意思及其内在关系，判定答案的题目。（本质上是阅读题）真题范例： 22. A before B unless C until D because 【2004】Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. 解析：engage in 参与、实施； 22 前后表因果关系，是前果后因，故选because。41. A other than B as well as C instead of D more than 【2000】He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus.解析：consuming 消费观；instead of 而不是；as well as 和、也（表并列）；other than 除之外。 41 前后的store和consuming是“对立关系”，故选instead of。 提醒： than 表对比时，than前后的结构、形式一定要相同，即than前是：动词原形/动名词/不定式/代词/，那么，than后也必须是：动词原形/动名词/不定式/代词/。、类型：基本上所有连词题以及部分介词、副词、动词题。、内容（五大逻辑关系）：对立（包括转折和让步） 因果 并列 总分 递进。（一）对立关系：、表示对立关系的词:（13分/每年）必须全部背熟 转折：however，but，but rather，yet，nevertheless，or，or else，otherwise 。让步：although，though，even though（尽管），even if，much as=althought（虽然、尽管），as，while， whereas（然而、尽管）。其他：against，instead（of），rather than（而不是），admit，ignoring（忽略、忽视），on the contrary， by contrast（相比之下）。、转折与让步的区别:（转折比让步的否定性强）、 当后句是对前句的完全直接否定时，叫转折；当后句是对前句的间接部分否定时，叫让步。 例如：小明学习很努力，但是那是假的。（转折完全直接否定。说明小明根本就不努力，他装给人看。）小明学习很努力，但是他没有通过考试。（让步间接部分否定。没通过考试，不能完全否定小明学习努力的事实，可能是睡过头耽误了考试，小明本应该能通过考试。后半句是对前半句推理引申含义的否定。）44. A Even though B Now that C If only D Provided that 【1997】 解析：Even though 尽管（让步）；Provided that（if）只要、如果（必须跟-假设事情，不跟-客观事实）； 44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. 解析：美国经济在复苏，这是一客观事实。所以，前面不能是Provided that。、although和but，because和so不能在一句话中同时出现。although和because叫从属连词，既可以放句首，也可以放句中，放句中时，前面一般不加逗号。But、and和so叫并列连词，只能放在句中，前面逗号可加可不加。【but若出现在句首，是作副词用】42. A For B Because C As D Since 【虚词题】 【1997】One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.解析：for后接名词/动名词作介词时，for可以随便放；若for后接句子，作连词时不能放在句首，只能在句中出现。For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee. 【for作介词，放在了句首。】1. A although Bas Cbut Dwhile 【2005】Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. 解析：although、but同时出现在考两者的区别。前面逗号破题。、though 做副词时可以做插入状语，放于句中时前面后面都要有逗号。5. A anyway Bthough（然而） Cinstead Dtherefore 【2005】Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, In fact, 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it.解析： 5 ，前后意思对立：可从insensitive和sensitive判断出来；也可从in fact（事实上）的语气上判断出。 instead 不能做插入状语，必须作句子的组成成份。He is ill，Ill be on duty instead.、while 与 whereas 的区别：while 可以引导省略式的状语从句，whereas不行。while 引导省略式状语从句的条件： a. 从句主语与主句主语相一致； b. 从句是系表结构。同时满足以上两个条件之后，省去从句中的主语和系动词。48. A but B while C and D whereas 【1997】The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 （省略了：the phenomenon is）avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. 解析： 48 前后的意思都是正面积极的，不是对立关系，所以，表对立关系的but和whereas不能选。对于：and/or表并列关系时，其前后的结构形式必须一样，但是本题provides与avoiding形式显然不一样，故不能选and。对于：while 虽然、尽管（是对立的让步关系）；当时候，与此同时（是并列关系）。while 可以引导省略式的状语从句，所以本题就是考核该知识点。故，本题选择while。、判断对立关系的三个依据：a. 根据意思判断。 b. 根据褒贬色彩判断。43. A for B against C of D towards 【2000】He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. 解析：insurance（保险、保障），是褒义词。而后面的unpredictable（无法预测的）和bad weather（坏天气），是贬义词。前后褒贬，形成对立关系。所以，本题选择表对立关系的词against。另外，从固定搭配角度选择against，insurance against（保险、以防止）。40. A above B upon C against D with 【2002】Benefits have been weighed 40 harmful outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. 解析：benefits（好处、利益），是褒义词。harmful（有害的），是贬义词。前后褒贬，形成对立关系。所以，本题选择表对立关系的词against。c. 根据句式结构判断；前面肯定后面否定，或前面否定后面肯定。 【每年必出一道not题】not题型：考两个句子之间的关系；选项是表对立关系的词。40. A provided B since C although D supposing 【2004】All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 解析：tend to是肯定，has not yet是否定。 40 前后的肯定与否定，构成了对立关系。故，选择表示对立关系的词although。38. Aon the contrary Bon the average Con the whole Don the other hand 【2003】This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules. 解析：This does not mean是否定，they can help是肯定。38 前后的肯定与否定，构成了对立关系。故，选择对立关系的词on the contrary（相反地）。on the average（平均的），仅仅指数字上的平均，出现该词组时一定要有数字和它搭配。on the other hand（另一方面），若要用on the other hand那么前面必须要有on one hand,构成“一方面另一方面”，并列关系。on the whole（总体上讲，整体而言）。31. A unless B since C lest D although 【2002】It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became personal too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. 解析：本题与“红花词”重叠了，两种思路都选although。6. A even if B if only C only if D as if 【2005】In fact, 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.、逻辑关系题先做得理由: a. 选项都认识； b. 范围确定； c. 往往不需要通读全文，只需要通读前后句。eg:【2000年】 三板斧：红花绿叶；逻辑关系；同义原则。 【01-09.swf】If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.（农民要成功：应该生产大于消费）He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways：as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is .available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41. A other than B as well as C instead of D more than 42. A only if B much as C long before D ever since 43. A for B against C of D towards 44. A replace B purchase C supplement D dispose45. A enhance B mix C feed D raise 46. A vessels B routes C paths D channels47. A self-confident B self-sufficient C self-satisfied D self-restrained48. A search B save C offer D seek 49. A proportion B percentage C rate D ratio 50. A genuinely B obviously C presumably D frequently解析：完形填空大部分都是总分结构，所以读文章第一句话（中心主旨句）特别关键。farmer wishes to succeed点出对农民积极的评价定位（农民渴望成功），表扬农民是文章的主导。self-confident 自信。self-satisfied 自满。self-restrained 自我约束。self-sufficient 自给自足。rate of interest 利息率。ratio 仅限于数学领域（比率），而rate远远大于数学领域（利息率、保险率、死亡率、出生率、）。genuinely 真的。obviously 显而易见。presumably 假定、推测（假定意思不能出现在结果句中，因为but引出了结果）。frequently 经常。long before 很久以前。only if if 如果。dispose of。raise（养活）养一个生命体（人、花、植物、动物）。vessels 血管。routes 路线。paths 小路、小径。search for 寻找。search a girl 搜一个女孩的身；seek a girl 追求一个女孩。（二）因果关系：（难点：必须分清前因后果 or 前果后因，才可正确答题。） 【每年必考】、表原因的词：because，in that，now that，since，as，for，as a result of，considering。、表结果的词：so that，such that，as a result，lead to，consequently，therefore，hence，thus，so。 考点：1. 预防因果倒置2. 预防语义重复46. A in that B so that C such that D except that 【1996】Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.解析：in that + 原因。so that / such that + 结果。34. A contrarily B consequently C similar D simultaneously 【2004】Families have also 33 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 .解析：one parent households 单亲家庭。two working parents 双职工家庭。supervision 监督。contrarily相反的（对立关系）。similar 相似的（并列关系）。simultaneously 同时的（并列关系）。6. A considering B ignoring C highlighting D discarding 【2004】Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.解析：juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪。disadvantaged families 贫穷家庭。wealthy homes富裕家庭。前面贫穷，后面富裕，形成对立关系，所以，本题选择ignoring。ignoring 忽略。discarding 抛弃（不能说抛弃事实，之能说抛弃某种没有使用价值的东西）。considering 考虑到（表因果关系）。highlighting 突出，强调（表递进关系），若用highlighting，则与后面的also（表递进关系）在逻辑关系上发生语意重复，故不能选。1. A Indeed B Likewise C Therefore D Furthermore 【2006】The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population. 1 homelessness has reached such proportions that local government cant possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence，the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.解析：such that 如此.以至于.（因果关系）。therefore 因此（因果关系），若用therefore在逻辑关系上发生语意重复，故不能选。 1 的前面说“无家可归者越来越多”，后面说“政府都无能为力”，可见后面是对前面的同一事实进行强调，所以应当选择表示加强语气、强调关系的副词indeed。27. A on B in C for D with 【2004】Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.解析：the latter 后者。lack of 缺乏。adequate 足够的。control 管教，监督。 27 前面说“后者可能会犯罪”，后面说“缺乏足够的父母监督”，前后形成鲜明的因果关系，属于前果后因。故，本题选择for（因为）。（三）并列关系： 【02-02.swf】表示并列关系的词： 【每年必考】and（和），as well as（也），likewise（同样的），while（而，与此同时），similarly（类似地），simultaneously（同时发生地），meanwhile（同时） 。考点：1 选项中出现并列连此时，往往不大可能入选（or和while除外）。2 在文章中，并列连词前后如果出题，利用一致原则解题。3 and题型的三种做题方法： and前后选同义词；and前后选同一范围词；and前后句子对应成分分析法。23. A care B nutrition C exercise D leisure 【2003】Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 解析：and前是movement（运动），应该选它的同义词exercise（锻炼）。25. A assistance B guidance C confidence D tolerance 【2003】_24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others.解析：teenagers（青少年）。especially（特别地）。self-conscious（自我意识）。and前面是“青少年自我意识很强”，即“个性强”，属于“主观意识品质”；所以and后面也应该选择“主观意识品质”的词，assistance 帮助。guidance 指导。confidence 自信（主观意识品质）。tolerance 容忍（主观意识品质）。于是，C和D备选，接着看 25 后面的从句“that comes from achieving success”是“来自于获得成功”，可见，confidence（自信）符合该语境，故本题选择confidence。26. A claimed B admired C ignored D surpassed 【2003】解析： 自信 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others.可以看出，自信来自于两个方面，一个是“获得成功（褒义词）”，另一个是“知道他们的成就让别人给 26（褒义词） 了”。claim 声称，宣布（中性词）。admire 钦佩，羡慕，赞美（褒义词）。ignore 忽略，忽视（贬义词）。surpass 超过（可褒可贬，看具体语境）。可见，“知道他们的成就让别人羡慕”才会有“自信”。易知，本题选择admired。45. Amostly B partially C sometimes D rarely 【1997】Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.解析：carbon 碳。hydrogen 氢。oxygen 氧。nitrogen 氮。： and后的nitrogen对应and前的carbon，hydrogen，oxygen；于是， 45 对应前面的usually。usually（通常），频度副词，本句中表肯定。mostly（大部分的），程度副词。partially（部分的），程度副词。sometimes（有时，偶尔），表肯定的频度副词。rarely（很少，罕见，几乎没有），表否定的频度副词。选C。 and和or的区别：and连接两个肯定句；而or连接两个否定句。相同点：它们前后的结构必须一致。37. A off B down C out D alone 【2003】A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.解析：and前面是个without结构，and后面也是个without结构。破题点：这两个without结构要么是同义词，要么是同一范围的词。前面的without后接的“feeling guilty（感到内疚）”属主观形式；后面的without后接的“letting the other participants 37 （让其他的参与者）”也应该属主观形式，此处实质考察let的搭配。let down