宾语从句十四问.doc

宾语从句宾语从句十四问宾语从句位居四大名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）之首，是学习英语不可遗漏的语法项目。 问一：什么叫宾语从句？ 答：顾名思义，能够充当宾语的句子即宾语从句。如： She says（that）she will leave a message on his desk Do you know where we can stay on the island？ 问二：宾语从句除主要作及物动词的宾语外，还可以充当以下几类词的宾语： 1. 作形容词的宾语。此类形容词主要有 sure，afraid，glad，sorry，happy，surprised， pleased等。如： Im glad that you have come你来了，我很高兴。 2. 作介词的宾语。如： She agreed with what I said at the meeting 她同意我在会上的发言。 3. 作不定式的宾语。如： The boy liked to find out how things worked这孩子喜欢搞清楚各种事物是怎么回事。 4. 作动词ing形式的宾语。如： Knowing that I studied well，my parents were very pleased我父母知道我学习好很高兴。 问三：课本上讲“宾语从句常由that引导，that在口语中常省略。”情况是不是总是如此呢？ 答：在由that引导的宾语从句中，由于连词that只起引导功能，无具体意义，不担当任何成分，因此在口语或非正式的文体中常可省略。然而，大凡规则总有例外的情况，在下列由that引导的宾语从句中，that则不宜省略： 1）主从句之间有插入语时，that不宜省略。如： It says here，on this card，that it was used in plays卡片上写着，它是古代演戏用的。 2）从句的主语是that时，that不宜省略。如： He says that that is a real kings hat他说那是一个真的王冠。 3）若that从句中含有主从复合句时，则 that不宜省略。如： Im afraid that if youve lost it，you must pay for it 4）若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句，且由并列连词连接时，只有第一个连词 that可以省去，其余须保留。如： She said（that）she would come and that she would also bring her son 她说她要来，还要带她的儿子来。 问四：怎样理解Today we think it important that we should learn a foreign language well 这句话的结构？其中it起什么作用？ 答：该句为一复合宾语结构，其中it为形式宾语，代替后置的真正宾语that从句，important是宾语补足语。在英语中，动词think，make，find，hear等接复合宾语（宾语宾语补足语）时，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真实的宾语从句后置，从而形成“动词（如think，make等）it宾语补足语that从句”结构。再如： I made it clear that I would have no time to do that tomorrow 我已讲明了明天我没有时间做那件事。 问五：这里有一道同义句转换题，不知该怎么做？ He hopes that he will be back very soon He hopes _ _ _ very soon 答：这是一道涉及宾语从句简化的问题。 1当主句谓语动词是hope，agree， choose，wish，decide等，其后带（that）宾语从句，若主从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： He decided that he would visit our school He decided to visit our school 2主句的谓语动词为see，watch，hear， find等时，宾语从句常简化为“宾语宾语补足语”结构。其中宾语由that从句的主语转化而来，宾补多为不带to的不定式或Ving分词。如： I heard that some children sang some songsI heard some children sing some songs因此，所提问题的答案应是：to be back。 巩固练习： A）同义句转换，每空一词。 1Tom s father saw that he was sitting on some eggs Tom s father saw _ _ on some eggs 2He agreed that he could help me with my English He agreed _ _ me with my English 3She didnt know the other peoples ideas because she didnt come to the meeting She didnt know what _ _ at the meeting B）根据汉语完成各句。 1.恐怕我不能回答这个问题。 Im afraid _ 2我们觉得他不帮助她是不对的。 We think _ wrong _ 问六：怎样选择宾语从句的引导词，有无规律可循？ 答：宾语从句的引导词是有规律可循的，一般来讲，可分为三个类型： 1当宾语从句是由陈述句变化而来的，该从句通常由that引导。that无具体意义，不作任何成分，因此在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略。例如： We all sayLao Wang is a good friend We all say（that）Lao Wang is a good friend Im sureYou have seen that book before Im sure（that）you have seen that book before 2当宾语从句由一般疑问句变来时，须用连词if或whether引导，意为“是否”，表示选择。例如： Could you tell us？Will he really come here？Could you tell us if（whether）he will really come here？ 注：if和whether在引导宾语从句时，一般可换用，但下列三种情形中只可用whether， 不用if： 1) 当or not紧随连词之后时。例如： We didnt know whether or not she was ready我们不知道她是否已做准备。 2) 从句用作介词宾语时。例如： I am interested in whether he joined the army我对他是否入伍很感兴趣。 3) 当宾语从句移至句首表强调时。例如： Whether this is true or not，Im not sure这是否真实，我不敢肯定。 4) 在带to的不定式前。例如：She hasnt decided whether to go or not. 她还决定去还是不去。3当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变来时，则用连接代词whowhosewhatwhich和连接副词whenwhere whyhow等引导。它们均是充当一定成分，一般不可省略。例如： Could you tell me？Where is the nearest post office？ Could you tell me where the nearest post office is？ 注：连接词与其后名词构成短语时则不可拆开使用。如：what time，which room， how many people等。 问七：宾语从句必须用陈述句语序吗？如由what，when等疑问词引导的宾语从句也须这样吗？ 答：宾语从句一律用陈述句语序，不论从句由何引导词引导，也不论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，从句均为：“引导词主语谓语其他”结构。试比较： We dont know when will they arrive（） We dont know when they will arrive（） Could you tell me which way must we take to get to the museum？（） Could you tell me which way we must take to get to the museum？（） 注：特殊疑问词作主语时，语序本来就是“主语谓语”结构，故语序不能再变化。例如： Please tell usWho will give us a talk this week？ Please tell us who will give us a talk this week 问八：何为时态呼应？宾语从句在时态上应遵循哪些原则？ 答：在复合句中，从句中的谓语动词时态，特别是宾语从句中的谓语动词时态，在一定程度上要受到主句谓语动词时态的制约，在英语语法中这种现象被称为时态呼应。含有宾语从句的主从复合句在时态呼应上一般要遵循以下三条规则： 1如果主句是祈使句或主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时，则宾语从句可根据意义的需要而选用任何一种时态。例如： Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？ Please tell me how many pictures theyve drawn recently Mary says she will come back soon Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties？ 2如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句须用表示过去的某一时态。例如： He said that he was a cleaner I knew she had cleaned the house already 3如果宾语从句所表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、谚语等时，主句即使用了过去时，从句也不受主句影响而多用一般现在时。例如： He said time is money Our teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound She said that one and one makes two她说一加一等于二。 问九：宾语从句的标点符号由主句决定还是由从句决定？ 答：不论由何种类型的句子转化而来的宾语从句，标点符号均由主句来决定。例如： Dont you think？The light in the room is too dark Dont you think（that）the light in the room is too dark？ 问十：宾语从句何时要进行“否定转移”？ 答：当主句的谓语动词为think，believe, guess, suppose等且主语为第一人称时，从句中的否定词not应转移到主句谓语动词上来。例如： I thinkChickens cant swim I dont think chickens can swim 同样，上述情况变成反意疑问句时，附加问句要看从句；如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加问句要看主句。例如：I think he is wrong, isnt he?He thinks he is right, doesnt he?问十一：含有宾语从句的复合句如何变为反意疑问句？ 答：通常情况下，反意疑问句的附加问句部分由主句决定；但主句中含有think believe的宾语从句，若主句的主语为第一人称时，则附加问句部分要由从句决定，不过应注意否定转移的情况。试比较： He thinks he is right，doesnt he？（由主句决定） I dont think he is right，is he？（由从句决定） 问十二：宾语从句通常能简化成什么样的结构？ 答：宾语从句通常可简化成“疑问词不定式”结构，此时主从复合句也就变成了简单句，但条件是： 1）疑问词为原宾语从句的引导词； 2）从句的主语应与主句的主语或间接宾语相一致。例如： I dont know what I should do next I dont know what to do next Can you tell me how I can get to the park？ Can you tell me how to get to the park？ 注：由that引导宾语从句的简化情况问五。 问十三：宾语从句有几种替代形式？ 答：宾语从句通常有两种替代形式，即肯定替代与否定替代。具体分为： 1在hopebelievethinkguesssupposetellsay以及Im afraid等后，常用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，表示上文涉及之事。例如： Do you think they will win the game？ I hope so 你认为他们会赢得比赛吗？ 我希望如此。 2在上述动词之后，若替代一个否定形式的宾语从句，替代形式有两种： 1）将从句否定转移到主句谓语。例如： I dont believe so 2）直接用not代替否定的宾语从句。例如： I believe not 注：hope，（be）afraid只能取后一种否定形式。 问十四：这里有一道单选题： I dont know if he _ He will come if it _ Acomes；wont rain Bwill come；doesnt rain Ccome；doesnt rain Dwill come；wont rain 所给答案是B。为什么同为if引导的从句，上一句能用将来时，下一句却不能用将来时？ 答：这里的if具有双重功能，既能引导宾语从句，又能引导条件状语从句。当if引导宾语从句时，根据时态呼应原则，该从句可选用将来时；可当if引导状语从句时，通常要用一般现在时表达将来时。另外，类似if具有双重功能的连词还有when。例如： Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？（宾语从句） Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you（时间状语从句） 巩固练习： I单项选择。 1He said _everyone was here except Lin Feng athat bwhat cwhen dwhere 2Today or tomorrow？ What are you talking about？ We are talking about _to give a talk on WTO ahow bwhere cwhen dwhat 3She asked me if I knew _ awhose pen is it bwhose pen it was cwhose pen it is dwhose pen was it 4I dont know _ he still lives here after so many years awhether bwhere cwhat dwhen 5I dont know _ he will come tomorrow _ he comes，Ill tell you aif；Whether bwhether；Whether cif；That dif；If 6Excuse meCould you tell me _ get to the station？ CertainlyGo straight along here ahow can we bhow we can cwhen can we dwhen we can 7I dont think that the book is very useful， _ ？ ado I bis it cdoesnt it disnt it II句型转换，每空一词。 1“Do you love the country life？”she asked me She asked me if _ _ the country life 2Is the Summer Palace open now？Could you tell me？ Could you tell me _ the Summer Palace _ _ now？ 3Please tell me where we should show our tickets Please tell me _ _ show our tickets 4“Where does he live？”Mr Hu asked Mr Hu asked where _ _ 5Is the earth round？The little boy asked The little boy asked _the earth _ round III从a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。 1Im sorry he didnt tell me _ ahow to do bwhat to do chow can I do it dhow I can do 2Look at this new dictionaryIt doesnt _ me too much aspend bpay ctake dcost 3What are you _ ？ I cant find my new pen asearching bsearching for cfinding dlooking after 4His hobby is _ taking photos _ collecting stampsIts growing flowers aeitheror bbothand cnot onlybut also dneithernor 5He wants to tell the children _ ahow important is it to protect our environment bhow important it is to protect our environment chow important to protect our environment dhow important is to protect our environment 6She _ college，so her father was proud _ her awent；at bcame；for centered；of dstudied，in 7There_ eating grass in the field aare a number of sheep bare a number of sheeps cis a number of sheep dis a number of sheeps 8Youd better _Its bad for your health astop smoking bto stop to smoke cstop to smoke dto stop smoking 9Her grandfather has_ for 10 years adied bbeen death cbeen dead ddead 10Wed like to have_ to read asomething interesting bnothing interested cinteresting something dinteresting nothing 11_is said that_ of visitors visit the Great Wall every day aThat，thousand bIt，thousands cthi