语法动词的时态.doc

湖南省隆回职业中专对口高考第一轮复习学案 设计者：罗芳 语法复习（八）-动词的时态一、动词时态用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种动作形式成为动词的时态。英语中共有16种时态。时态的考查是历年高考热点，每年都有几道单选题。 语法项目表列了八项：1）一般现在时2）一般过去时3）一般将来时4）现在进行时5）过去进行时6）现在完成时7）过去完成时8）过去将来时。时态题主要考查8种时态的形式及用法。二、掌握情况自查 1. When the teacher _ the classroom, most of the students were putting their hearts _ reading. (2006 对口高考第26题)A. comes into, inB. came to, into C. came into, intoD. came in, at 2. How long _you _ the army before you came to our company? (2006 对口高考第28题)A. did, joinB. have, joinedC. had ，been inD. have ，been in3. During my childhood, I often asked my grandfather to _ me stories. (2007 对口高考第25题)A. sayB. speakC. talkD. tell4. Mr. Liu _ a soldier before he came to work in our company. (2007 对口高考第30题)A. has beenB. wasC. was beingD. had been5. My teacher promised that he _ his camera to me. (2008 对口第31题)A. would lendB. lentC. lendsD. will lend6. A moment ago, a policeman told me that he_ my stolen motorbike in a village. (2009 对口高考第29题)A. has found B. had foundC. was findingD. will find7. I didnt answer your telephone because I _ a magazine at the moment. (2011 对口高考第28题)A. am readingB. have readC. will readD. was reading 8. The music sounds quite pleasant. Who _ the violin next door? (2012 对口高考第21题)A. has playedB. playedC. playsD. is playing三、用法探讨（一）一般现在时A. 谓语的构成：一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。 We have seven classes every day. English is spoken in some countries.He does outdoor exercises every morning.The students often make experiments in the physics laboratory.【注意】(1) 动词be 的第一人称单数用am， 第三人称单数用is, 其余的人称一律用are; (2) 动词have（有）第三人称单数用has, 其余的人称一律用have; (3) 动词的第三人称单数形式在动词分类章节中已讲过；【复习】一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同： 1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如workworks, writewrites。 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guessguesses, mixmix, finishfinishes, catchcatches 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如studystudies。 注：不规则变化的有havehas, beis, gogoes, dodoes等。 B. 一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually often, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。He always sleeps with the windows open. Tom often _ (do) his homework in the evening.Mary and Jack _ (go) to the cinema twice a month.Sometimes we _(play) basketball after school.2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard. Does he work hard? He doesnt work hard.Does he like sports?_ he fond of classic music?(be) 3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east. The earth travels around the sun.The teacher told us that light _ faster than sound.A. travelled B. will travel C. travels D. travel4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作。 在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时（will do）。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，排球赛将推迟。When they leave school, they will go to college.中学毕业后，他们去上大学。5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示运动的动词，如：go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车。Ill come to see you before you go.你走之前我来看你。Exercise: 改错：1. Mary always got up late and never has enough time for breakfast. 2. The teacher told us that the earth turn from west to east.选择题：1. If it _rain, well have the party outside. A. wouldnt B. doesnt C. didnt D. wont2. Once we _ to do something, you will never hold us back. A. will make up our minds B. make up our minds C. make up our mind D. made up our minds3. Would you please give him the message the moment he _? A. arrives B. arrived C. will arrive D. will be arriving4. According to the timetable, the train for Shanghai _ at 9:00 p.m.A . leaves B. will leave C. has left D. is left5. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the New Year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play （二）一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago, just now等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。A 谓语的构成动词be 的第一人称和第三人称单数用was, 其余的人称一律用were；动词have, 各个人称不分单复数，一律用had；其他动词用其过去式，没有人称及单复数的变化。e.g. Marys grandfather _(be) ill a week ago. My mother often told me stories when I _ (be) a child. We _(have) a good time last night.B. 一般过去时的使用1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等。e.g.(1) 汤姆昨天没来上课。 Tom _(not come) to class yesterday.(2)昨晚我们去跳舞了。We _(go) to dance last night.(3) 我们上个星期天参观了农场。We _ (visit) the farm last Sunday.(4) 刚才我把窗户关了。I _(close) the window just now.2、表示过去常发生的动作，可用used to do 和would do。e.g. He used to smoke heavily. During winter he would sit by the fire.【注意】used to do 表示原来常发生而现在已不再发生或存在的事。“would do ”没有“现在不再”之意。3、表示说话人原来未料到、想到或希望的事，常用一般过去时。e.g. I never thought he would come, but he has come.4. 表示两个或三个紧接着发生的动作，常有but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute词时，用一般过去时。e.g. The moment she _(come) in, she told me all about it.He bought a watch, but _(lose) it.He came in, _(sit) down and _(begin) to read.5、表示虚拟语气这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。It is (high) time we had breakfast. 该是我们吃早餐的时候了。If only I had a better memory. 要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off. 要是明天下雨，比赛就会延期举行。Exercise:1) I wish I _(be) a bird.2) How I wish I _(go) to school by car every day!3) It is time we _(begin) our study.4) If I _(see) him, I would tell him this news.5) If I _(be) you, I wouldnt study French.（三）一般将来时1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。(1) 后天他要来看你。He _(come) to see you the day after tomorrow.(2) 从现在起，我将更努力学习数学和英语。From now on, I _(work) harder at math and English.(3) 我们下次在什么地方见面？Where _ we _(meet) next time? 【注意】1. shall 仅用于第一人称；2. shall 和will 后加not 构成否定句；缩写为shant 和wont.2、一般将来时的其他表达法（1）be going to+动词原形 这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate. 他们打算在校门口见面。 还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think Im going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)Look at the cloud. Its going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)（2）“be about to+动词原形”表示即将进行或发生的动作。意为“正要，就要。”The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。My friend is about to leave for Canada.（3）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你得交上试卷。Next time we are to discuss the problem of population.（4）用现在进行时(am/ is / are doing)来表示将来现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂？He is not coming.他不来了。（5）一般现在时表示将来用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 oclock in the morning. 飞机上午8点起飞。【区别】be going to do, be to do, be about to do, will do1）If it is fine tomorrow, we _(have) a picnic. 2) I _ (go) out when the telephone rings.3) I feel terrible. I _(see) a doctor.（四）现在进行时A. 谓语的构成： 助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing e.g. I am listening to music now. They are playing basketball on the playground now.B用法如下：1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，译成“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。e.g. (1) 我现在正在做作业。I_ (do)my homework now. (2) 天正在下雨。 It_(rain) hard.(3) 你在想什么呢？What _ you _(think) about?(4) 你正在做什么? What _you _(do) now?2、表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。He is writing a novel now.目前他在写一本小说。He is learning English at college.他在大学学英语。3、表示将来的动作表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.他姐姐明天动身去香港。4、表达褒贬等感情色彩：和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。1) He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。（表责怪）2) She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）3) He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）4) Theyre forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气。 e.g. Im wondering if I may come a little late. 我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。 Im hoping youll give us some suggestions.我很希望你给我们一些建议。（五）过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。A. 谓语动词构成： was/were+现在分词(doing)。e.g. What were you doing this time yesterday? When I came in, they were having lunch.B. 用法如下：1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。时间状语一般为：then, at that time, this time yesterday, the whole morning, at 10:00 last Sunday 等。1) 今早六点钟时正在下雨。It _(rain) at 6 oclock this morning.2) 他们昨天一上午都在开会。They _(have) a meeting the whole morning yesterday.3) 上中学时，我住在老师家里。I_(live) in my teachers house when I was in middle school.【注意】在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。1） 我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。When I entered the room, she _at her desk.2) 学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。The students _ while the teacher was grading their homework.3) 昨天晚上9点我在看电视球赛，而我妈妈在缝纫。At 9:00 last night, I _football on TV while my mother was doing some sewing. （六）现在完成时A. 谓语动词的构成： “助动词have/has+过去分词（done）” B. 现在完成时的用法如下：1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，或表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。带有的时间状语有： up to now, so far, already, yet, recently, in the past few years, just, ever, never, since two years ago, for a few days 等。I have already posted the photos.我已经把照片寄出了。I have just finished my work.我刚刚完成工作。区别： I posted the photos just now. I finished my homework an hour ago.Translate these sentences into Chinese:1) I havent finished my homework yet.2) We have never read this novel before.3) I have taught here for ten years.4) Since then Tony has never liked mirrors. (page 63, text 2, book 1)5) They have lived in Beijing since 2002. 。6) My brother has been ill for two days. 【注意】表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能与一段时间的状语连用，如arrive, come, go, leave等。判断： 1) She has come to our school for 2 years. 2) I have left home for ten years. 3) Jack has joined the army for three years.2、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。He will be back before I have finished my work. 我完成工作之前他会回来的。Dont get off the bus before/ until it has stopped. 车未停稳请勿下车。3、用在“It (This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that从句”中在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。e.g. 1) This is the first time I _ here. A. came B. come C. have come D. will come2) Itll be the first time I _ in public. A. spoke B. speak C. have spoken D. am speaking 3) This is the most interesting book I _. A. read B. have read C. am reading D had readC、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）Exercise: He _(live) here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。 He _(live) here in 1972. 1972年他住在这里。 D、使用现在完成时应注意的几点（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。She has already come.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。（2）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin，return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。e.g. 1) 他离开这儿已经3年了。He has left here for three years. He has been away from here for three years. He left here three years ago. It is three years since he left here. 2) 会议已经开始10分钟了。The meeting has begun for ten minutes.The meeting has been on for ten minutes.（3）have/has been to表示到过某个地方(已经回来了)have/has gone to表示已经去了某处（还没有回来）e.g.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城) He _ the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地) He _the Great Wall.（七）过去完成时A. 谓语动词的构成： 助动词had+过去分词 doneB. 用法如下：1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。e.g. 1) 12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。By the time he was twelve, Edison _to make a living by himself.A. has begun B. had begun C. began D. begins2)当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。When we got to the cinema, the film _.3）By the end of last year, I _ Shenzhen Special Zone five times.A. went to B. have been to C. had been to D. had gone to2、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反。1) 假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。If he_(see ) you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.2) 如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。_ that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.A. If I know B. If I have known C. Had I known D. I had known3、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的宾语从句中，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。(宾语从句中会讲解)e.g.