初中非谓语动词.docVIP

非谓语动词1. 定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2. 动词不定式：to + 动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化)1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)2 用法：A. 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy. = Its not easy to learn a foreign language .B. 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time.C. 作宾语：a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch. (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford )b. 动词+疑问词+to do I dont know where to put the bike .c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .D. 作补语：a. 动词+宾语+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . ( tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage)b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let)E. 作状语：a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons. He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther. They arent old enough to go to school .c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that. I am glad to see you.F.作定语： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat.3 动词不定式to 的省略：大家都知道在动词不定式to do中，“to”是不定式的标志，有了这个to，后面所跟的动词该用原形。但是to也有可以省略的时候，这个时候虽然没有了to，后面所跟的动词依然用原形。下面是一些省略to的动词不定式。 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后的to已省略。例：You must go to the hospital first. 你必须先去医院。I can swim well. 我能游得很好。使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等词后的to省略，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。例如：I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. 我看见他跳舞。The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 would rather/had better 后的to省略。例：I would rather go to Japan than the USA.我宁愿去日本也不想去美国。You had better take a hat with you.你最好带上一顶帽子。 why/why not句型中not后to省略。例：why not come to my home for a dinner tonight? 今晚何不来我家吃顿饭。help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth：but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.除了吃这药，他什么都信。由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：例：He forgot to go to her home and give her the important letter. 他忘了去她家并把一封重要的信件给她。4 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do，有时也可以用-never + to do 结构。3. 动名词：动词原形+ing。具有名词、动词一些特征。1 一般式：主动语态：doing，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)2 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .3 用法：A. 作主语：a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important. - Its very important to learn English.b. No + 动名词表示禁止。No smoking, No parking.B. 作宾语：He finished doing his homework.C. 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball.D. 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line. (表明名词的用途、功能等)E. 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fangs opening the window?4.分词：动词原形+ing。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)现在分词1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)2现在分词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldnt explain the sentence .3 用法：A. 作表语。The result is surprising.B. 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)C. 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano. = when he was passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano.D. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.过去分词1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。3 用法：A. 作表语：My bike is broken. He is very worried.B. 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English.C. 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill. = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill.D. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended. I had my hair cut yesterday. 动名词与现在分词用法的区别动词的-ing形式按功能分，可分为动名词和现在分词。在分析英文句子时，比较容易混淆这两者。为了便于理解，我们从用法方面区分动词的-ing形式何时为动名词，何时为现在分词。为了区分这两者，首先，我们要从概念上认识它们。动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词；用作形容词时，称为现在分词。其次，我们要从用法方面区分动词的-ing形式是动名词还是现在分词。一、动词的-ing形式用作主语时，其为动名词，现在分词不可以用作主语。1. 动名词用作主语Growing roses is her hobby. 种玫瑰是她的爱好。Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。2. 有时it作形式主语，把动名词主语放在句子后面Its nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。Its a wonder meeting you here. 在这里碰到你真是奇迹。二、动词的-ing形式用作宾语时，其为动名词，现在分词不可以用作宾语。1.有许多动词可接动名词作宾语I finished reading the book last night. 这书我昨晚看完了。So you prefer living abroad? 这样说你更愿意住在国外？2有许多带介词的动词固定搭配接动名词作宾语He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。Prices keep on increasing. 价格不断上涨。三、当动词的-ing形式用作状语时，其为现在分词，动名词不可以用作状语。现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。例如：Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano. = when he was passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .（表时间）Not knowing how to work out the difficult problem, he asked the teacher for help.（原因状语，= Because he didnt know how to work out the difficult problem, he asked the teacher for help.）因为不知道如何解这道难题，他求助老师。（表原因）Studying hard, youll succeed.(条件状语，= If you work hard, youll succeed. ）如果你努力学习，你会成功的。（表条件）Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管他们了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。（表让步）The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.那孩子跌倒了，头碰在门上碰破了。（表结果）He stood leaning against the wall. 他靠墙站着。（表方式或伴随情况）四. 动名词与现在分词都可以用作表语，当动词的-ing为名词时，动词的-ing为动名词。动词的-ing为形容词时，动词的-ing为现在分词。1.动名词用作表语Her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。2现在分词用作表语This story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。五、动名词与现在分词都可以用作定语现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作，也可以说，现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质，两者在逻辑上无主谓关系。1.动名词作定语，动名词表性质或用途或功能。swimming pool 游泳池 drinking water 饮用水 waiting room 候车室sleeping bag 睡袋 sleeping pill 安眠药 writing desk 写字桌writing paper 信纸 operating table 手术室 reading room 阅览室diving board 跳板 washing machine 洗衣机 drawing board 绘图板2现在分词作定语lasting peace 持久的和平a falling star 流星 the leading newspapers 主要报纸developing countries 发展中国家 the ruling class 统治阶级living things 有生命的东西六、动名词与现在分词都可以用作补语，但现在分词用作宾语补语时，与前面的宾语构成复合宾语。具有这种复合宾语的动词多为表示感觉的动词，如：smell, observe, watch, notice, look at, listen to 等。另外，有些使役动词如have, set, get, catch, keep, leave等可以后面接含有现在分词的复合宾语。还有，作为宾语补语的现在分词有时前面可有as。现在分词用作主语补语，多用在被动结构中，与主语构成复合主语。而动名词作补语对相应的动词却没这些规定。1动名词用作补语This is called turning things upside down. 这叫做把事物颠倒了。（turning 是主语补语）2现在分词用作补语We found him waiting to receive us. 我们发现他等着欢迎我们。We kept the fire burning all the time. 我们使火一直燃烧着。They described the young man as having initiative and drive.他们说这青年积极肯干。He was seen going upstairs. 有人看见他上楼。以上，我们从动词的-ing形式在句子成分中所起的作用：作主语、作宾语、作状语、作表语、作定语、作补语，区分动名词与现在分词。后接动名词和不定式作宾语的动词一、有些动词只能接不定式做宾语。例如：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，learn，plan，manage，agree，fail，offer，happen，seem等等。例句：He refused to speak on the radio.二、有些动词或短语只接动名词做宾语：例如：mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，consider，miss，keep(on)，avoid避开，躲开，stand(忍受)，allow ，practice， give up，put off，look forward to（期待，期望），feel like（想要做某事），preventfrom，阻止cant help（禁不住，不由自主 迫不及待），be/get used to ，be worth doing，be busy doing 例如：His wife doesnt allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give up smoking.Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.She doesnt feel like eating anything，being ill for a few days. 接不定式作宾语的动词【速记口诀】三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝；设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。【妙语诠释】 三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise 两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse 设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide 不要假装在选择：pretend，choose接动名词作宾语的动词【速记口诀】Mrs. P Black missed a beef bag. (P布莱克夫人丢了一个牛肉袋。)【妙语诠释】 该句话中每个字母代表了一个动词或短语，这些动词要求后面跟动名词作宾语。这些动词分别是：M=mind, r=risk, s=succeed in, P=practice, B=be busy, l=look forward to, a=admit, c=cant help, k=keep on， m=miss，i=insist on，s=suggest，s=stop，e=enjoy，d=delay，a=avoid，b=be worth，a=advise，g=give up三、有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义基本相同，区别不大。例如；like，love，hate，prefer begin，start. 注意：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。例如：When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.四、有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：例如：Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean doing：意味着，就是例如：I am sorry, I didnt mean to hurt your feelings，Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just working in class.Cstop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干，动名词作宾语。例如：