初中英语必读知识点.docVIP

中考语法汇总（一）形容词的比较级和最高级绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。 例如: poor tall great glad bad 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。 分为规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great，tall,long,short,(old), older, oldest或elder, eldest都可以.elder用于长幼辈分之间,如He is my elder brother.older则专指比.大 small （原级）比较级：最高级：2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide ,nice,fine,large（原级）比较级：最高级： 3) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy ，busy,early,easy(原级) 比较级：最高级： 4)以重读闭音节结尾的形容词，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。 big，hot,red,thin (原级) 比较级：最高级： 5) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful，dangerous,expensive,comfortable,careful, difficult (原级) 比较级：最高级: 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级-比较级-最高级 good/well-better-bestmany-more-most much-more-most little_less_leastbad-worse-worst far-farther, further-farthest, furthest 形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表示较不和最不 important 重要 less important 较不重要 least important 最不重要 形容词比较级的用法: 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下: 主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。 也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。 Our teacher is we are. 我们老师的个子比我们的高。 It is today than it was yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天暖和。 This picture is than that one. 这张照片比那张照片漂亮。This meeting is than that one. 这次会议不如那次会议重要。 The sun is than the moon. 太阳比月亮大得多。形容词最高级的用法: 形容词最高级用于三个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为: 主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。 She is student her class. 她是班上最好的学生。 Shanghai is one of cities China. 上海是中国最大城市之一This is apple I have ever met. 这是我见到的最大的苹果。 Tom is boy in his basketball team. 汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子。（二）宾语从句一、宾语从句的定义：从句是指在一个完整的复合句子中包含两个简单句，一个是主句，它是句子的主体；另一个是从句，它要充当主句中的一个成分（如主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语等）。在宾语从句中，从句作为主句的宾语成分。也就是说，从句在主语+谓语+宾语的结构中，当宾语成分。从句在主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语作为直接宾语的成分。二、引导词引导词是作为引领从句的单词或词组，引导词有：that, whether/ if, 特殊疑问词（who, when, where, what, which, whose, why, how）三类。三、各类引导词引导的宾语从句1. 由that引导的宾语从句这种宾语从句一般由陈述句变化而来。that 没有词汇意义，只有语法功能，也就是只做引导词。e.g.: 主句：he thinks. 从句：he wont go home. 主句+从句= 宾语从句：He thinks that he wont come.因为从句是一个陈述句，所以生成宾语从句时用that 来引导。注意：that 引导的宾语从句中，主句的谓语动词不可含有疑问，不确定的意思.2. 由whether/ if引导的宾语从句这种从句由一般疑问句变化而来。e.g.: 主句：I want to know. 从句：Are you a student?主句+从句=宾语从句：I want to know whether/ if you are a student.因为从句是一个一般疑问句，所以生成宾语从句时要用whether/ if 来引导。注意：从句要由一般疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。3. 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句这种从句一般由特殊疑问句变化而来。e.g.: 主句：He asks. 从句：how can we go home.主句+从句= 宾语从句：He asks how we can go home. 因为从句是一个特殊疑问句，所以要用特殊疑问词引导。注意：从句要由特殊疑问句改为陈述句语序。四、考点1. 引导词 （1）that 与whether/if如果主句的谓语动词为：believe, know, sure, hope等肯定意义的，我们应该用that 他、引导从句。E.g.: I believe that he will come. 但是主句的谓语动词为：not know, discuss, not sure， want to know 等词组时则要用whether/if来引导。E.g.: I want to know whether you will come or not.（2）whether与ifWhether/if同时表示是否的意思。但是下面四种情况只能用whether而不能用if. I dont know whether you can come or not. (句子中含有 or not) We re talking about whether we go shopping. ( 引导词前有介词) Whether we go to Shanghai is not sure yet. (从句在前面) I cant decide whether to go. (引导词后接to do动词不定式)（3）特殊疑问词 从句中有表示时间的，不选when;有表示地点的，不选when; 有主语或宾语的不选who/ what; 有表示方法方式的不选how;有表示原因的不选why.在两个人的对话里，比如A： I dont know well go for the holiday. B：Next Sunday.根据对方的回答我们可以知道要填入的是时间：when2. 语序：从句一定要用陈述句语序3. 时态：（1）主句用现在时，包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，从句可以用任何时态。主要看你本人想表达的意思。但是在单选题中用哪种时态会在从句的时间状语或句子意思中体现出来。（2）主句用过去时，从句要用过去时，包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时。 主句用过去时，从句表达的意义是客观不变的，规律性的要用一般现在时。 E.g.:Linda said the moon round the earth. A. traveled B. has traveled C. travels D. had traveled（三）不定式和动名词做宾语的动词用法语法体现语言的规律,学好英语离不开语法学习。其中，动词的用法是重点，也是难点。对于谓语动词和非谓语动词的用法，学生普遍感到困难。学生感到50多个动词，用法难以掌握，但调整了书上表格中单词的排列顺序，根据汉意编写顺口溜会方便记忆：（一）跟不定时作宾语的动词有：打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire)假装(pretend)喜欢(would like/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish)决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help)设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse)好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt)选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn)告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford)不定式宾语要牢记 ！（二）跟动名词作宾语的动词有：考虑（consider）完成（finish）多练习（practise）避免（avoid）冒险（risk）求建议（suggest/recoomend）面对（face）喜欢（enjoy/appreciate）和介意(mind)允许（allow）承认（admit/permit）或放弃(give up/abandon)推迟（put off/delay/postphone）逃避（escape）不原谅（excuse/pardon）提及（mention）坚持(keep/insist on）要想象（imagine/fancy）还有词组feel like 和cant stand！瞧！，我们就这样快快乐乐地记住了吧！（三）在动词remember, try, regret, forget, need/want/require， stop, mean等后跟动名词V-和不定式意义不同，巧记一句话（记住努力；后悔忘记；需要停止；很有意义），学习采用对比法： remember to do something记着去做某事（现在还没有做）remember doing something记着曾做过某事（以前做过某事）try to do something努力、尽力做某事try doing something试着做某事（看能否达到预期的结果）stop to do something开始做某事（停下正在做的事，开始做另一事）stop doing something停止做某事（停止正在做的事）regret to do something对将来做的事感到遗憾、惋惜regret doing something对已经做过的事感到后悔mean to do something打算,想，意图mean doing something意味着want/require/need to be done某事需要做want/require/need doing某事需要做(这时动名词和主语之间有动宾关系，如: The room needs cleaning/needs to be cleaned)cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.禁不住做某事（四）请牢记在下列固定句式中，动词用V-ing式：There is no point arguing further. 再争辩下去没有意义。It is no good doing that. 那样做没有用。It is no use telling his father about it. 告诉他父亲那件事没用。（四）状语从句的考点讲解【考点直击】1. 时间状语从句2. 条件状语从句3. 原因状语从句4. 结果状语从句5. 比较状语从句6. 目的状语从句7. 让步状语从句8. 地点状语从句【名师点睛】用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。1. 时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.来源:学|科|网I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”, “在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops. We wont start until Bob comes. Dont get off until the bus stops.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.3. 原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car, he cant get there easily.Since we have no money, we cant buy it.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4. 结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldnt see it.(2)sothat语such.that可以互换。例如：在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：来源:学#科#网来源:Zxxk.ComHe was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term. 有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.5. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.6. 目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：来源:Zxxk.ComWe started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)7. 让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.8. 地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如： Go where you like. Where there is a will, there is a way.（五）被动语态 一、语态概述 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。如：我打开这扇门， 那现在门怎样了？门被我打开了。正如汉语中的被字句，英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 例如：I open the door.我打开门。(主动句)谓语:open的动作是由主语I来执行的。所以I被称作动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主(语)去动。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。The door was opened by me.门被开了。(被动句) 主语door是动词open的承受者。巧记为：被动、被动、主（语）被动。二、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如：some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。（没有必要或说出出版者） (2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：The window was broken by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。 三、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be及物动词的过去分词+(by+动作执行者)”构成。(后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词) (transitive verb) 缩写Vt. 及物动词-本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。例如：I open 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。缩写Vi如： Birds fly.鸟会飞。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。 人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。根据被动语态里的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be动词的形式。所以我们现在来复习一下初一和初二学过的时态现以open为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时：amisareopened 一般过去时：waswereopened一般将来时：will/shall/be going to beopened现在完成时：havehas beenopened 情态动词被动语态：may/can/must/shoud+be+opened(过去进行时：waswere beingopened)(现在进行时：amisare beingopened )(过去完成时：had beenopened)(过去将来时：would/should/be going to beopened)既然被动语态离不开动词的变化，那我们来复习一下：动词分为规则动词和不规则动词，规则动词的过去分词和过去式一样，那么规则动词的过去式有哪几种变化呢？1 一般直接加ed 。 如：open_opened cook_cooked play_played2 以不发音的字母e直接加d. 如：taste_tasted(live ,move,hope,dance)3 以辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ied. 如：study_studied(copy,carry,cry)4 以重读闭音节结尾的并且末尾只有一个辅音学母的，要双写这一辅音字母再加ed. 如：stop_stopped (step)不规则动词的变化看起来无章可遁，但其实也可以把它们概括为以下五种情况：AAA 如：cut ,put ,read AAB 如：beat_ beat_beaten .ABA 如：come-came_come ABB.如：get_got_got.ABC.如：do_did_done歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。（如果主语是人称代词，一般也可以省略。）例如： They make the bikes in the factory. -The bikes are made（ by them） in the factory. 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”。例如： we can repair this watch in two days. -This watch can be repaired in two days. We must finish this work soon. -This work must be done soon.六、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.（1）时态保持一致。I have repaired my computer.-My computer has been repaired.（2）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。All the people laughed at him. - He was laughed at by all people. His best friend often looks after him.-He is often looked after by his best friend.（3） 主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词make/buy/get用for;动词give/send/lend/take用to)Lingling gave me a book.(双宾语，人间物直， me为间接宾语，a book 为直接宾语) - I was given a book by Lingling. -A book was given to me by Lingling.（直接宾语提前时，要在间接宾语前加介词）（4）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主及物动词宾宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。They call him Louis.-He is called Louis.（5）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（6） 主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel等变成被动语态时，后面的不定式需要加上to. Mr. Li made him wash the dishes. -He was made to wash the dishes.（7）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.（8）非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.（9）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）被动语态练习题：1.The students clean the classroom everyday.The classroom is cleaned by the students everyday. 学生们每天都打扫教室。 2.The boy broke the cup yesterday.The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了3.Tom will play basketball tomorrow. Basketball will be played tomorrow by Tom.4.I have read the book many times.The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。5.Daming can make model car. Model car can be made by Daming.6.We ofen see him help his classmates. He is ofen seen to help his classmates.7.The teacher ofen take care of the children. The children are ofen taken care of by the teacher.8.The teacher gave the students some advice.Some advice was given to the students by the teacher.The students were given some advice by the teacher.（六）反意疑问句一、概念及结构1、概念：反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，起证实作用，一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。2、结构：反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是，“肯定陈述否定疑问”或“否定陈述肯定疑问”（前肯后否or前否后肯），两部分时态、人称应一致。 She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? You didnt go, did you? 简略问句如果是否定式，not应与be，do，will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写 简略问句的主语不用名词，应用人称代词二、具体情况：1、一般句型：一般词语附加疑问句中主语 用和主语一致的主语，用主格。 不定代词当陈述部分的主语是 ( 1 )用one 时，后面的疑问句可用one/he. (2)everything,anything,nothing,something时， 附加疑问句中主语用it 不用 they （3）this,that,或those,these时，附加疑问句中主语用it和they. （4）everyone，everybody，someone，somebody等，附加疑问句中主语一般用he/they. (5)不定式，动名词，其他短语，附加疑问句中主语一般用it。 （6）在there be句型中，附加疑问句中主语一般用be/情态动词/助动词+there2、特殊句型否定意义的词 （1）当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定意义的词时，后面的反意疑问句则为肯定形式： There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? （2）当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是unhappy,dislike,unfriendly等含有否定词缀的派生词，也就是有un-前缀、-less后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词，当做肯定句处理，疑问部分要用否定形式。如： He looks unhappy,doesnt he?他看上去不高兴，不是吗？ The girl dislikes history,doesnt she?这女孩不喜欢历史，不是吗？有less,fewer等词视为肯定词，疑问部分用否定形式。如：There will be less pollution, wont there? 表示主语主观意愿的词含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，视情况不同有两种不同的构成方式。 (1.)当主句的主语为第一人称时，其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如： I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you? 值得注意的是，当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到主句时，其仍属否定句，故其后的简短问句应用肯定式，而非否定式。例如： I dont believe that he can translate this book, can he? Wedont imagine the twins have arrived, have they? 此类句子的回答同前否后肯型反意疑问句一样，如上述后一个句子，若双胞胎已经到了，则回答为Yes, they have.；若尚未到达，使用No, they havent.。 (2).当主句的主语为第二、三人称时，其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致（此时，否定只看主句，与从句无关.）。例如： Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you? They dont believe shes an engineer, do they? She doesnt expect that we are coming so soon, does she? (3)但如果主句的时态是过去时等等，疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致。 had better或have陈述部分有had better,或其中的have表示完成时态时，疑问句应用hadnt等开头： Youd better get up early, hadnt you? 其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用dont等开头 如have表示“有”的时候，有两种形式： -He has two sisters,doesnt he? -He doesnt have any sisters,does he? 祈使句当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达 当开头是Lets时，一定要用shall we。其余都用will you（包括 Let us）不论肯定否定 Lets go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go out for a walk, will you? Let me help you,may I? Turn on the radio, will you? There be句型 There be 句型中，反义疑问部分必须为be 动词 + there There are some apples in the basket, arent there? There isnt any milk left, is there? 情态动词.当陈述部分有情态动词must，问句有4种情况： （1）mustnt表示“禁止，不可，不必”时，附加问句通常要用must. You mustnt stop your car here,must you? 你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？ （2）must表示“有必要”时，附加问句通常要用neednt. They must finish the work today,neednt they? 他们今天要完成这项工作，是吗？ （3）当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时，问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。 He must be good at Englis