课件：心脏病人非心脏手术术前评估与术中管理.ppt

心脏病人非心脏手术术前评估与术中管理,江苏省苏北人民医院麻醉科 杨柳青,2009 ESC/ESA 指南,Impact Factor 9.275,The Preamble,Guidelines and recommendations should help physicians and other healthcare providers to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the physician in charge of his/her care must make the ultimate judgement regarding the care of an individual patient,Introduction,The present guidelines focus on the cardiological management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, i.e. patients where heart disease is a potential source of complications during surgery major non-cardiac surgery is associated with an incidence of cardiac death of between 0.5 and 1.5%, and of major cardiac complications of between 2.0 and 3.5%,Impact of the ageing population,It is estimated that elderly people require surgery four times more often than the rest of the population,Pre-operative evaluation,Surgical risk for cardiac events: the urgency, magnitude, type, and duration of the procedure, as well as the change in body core temperature, blood loss, and fluid shifts,Functional capacity,Functional capacity is measured in metabolic equivalents (METs) Exercise testing provides an objective assessment of functional capacity Without testing, functional capacity can be estimated by the ability to perform the activities of daily living, 4 METs indicates poor functional capacity and is associated with an increased incidence of post-operative cardiac events,Risk indices,Goldman (1977), Detsky (1986), Lee (1999) The Lee index, to be the best currently available cardiac risk prediction index in non-cardiac surgery,Six independent clinical determinants (The Lee index),a history of IHD a history of cerebrovascular disease heart failure insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus impaired renal function High-risk type of surgery,The Lee index,All factors contribute equally to the index (with 1 point each) the incidence of major cardiac complications is estimated at 0.4, 0.9, 7,and 11% in patients with an index of 0, 1, 2, and 3 points, respectively,Biomarkers,Cardiac troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI) are the preferred markers for the diagnosis of MI because they demonstrate sensitivity and tissue specificity superior to other available biomarkers,Plasma BNP and NT-proBNP,important prognostic indicators in patients with heart failure additional prognostic value for long-term mortality and for cardiac events,Non-invasive testing,three cardiac risk markers: LV dysfunction myocardial ischaemia heart valve abnormalities,Echocardiography,A meta-analysis of the available data demonstrated that an LV ejection fraction of 35% had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 91% for prediction of perioperative non-fatal MI or cardiac death,a well-established invasive diagnostic procedure rarely indicated to assess the risk of noncardiac surgery,Angiography,Risk reduction strategies Pharmacological,Besides specific risk reduction strategies adapted to patient characteristics and the type of surgery, preoperative evaluation is an opportunity to check and optimize the control of all cardiovascular risk factors,b-blockers,The dose of b-blockers should be titrated, which requires that treatment be initiated optimally between 30 days and at least 1 week before surgery. treatment start with a daily dose of 2.5 mg of bisoprolol or 50 mg of metoprolol succinate which should then be adjusted before surgery to achieve a resting heart rate of between 60 and 70 bpm with SBP 100 mmHg,Nitrates :Nitroglycerin,Diuretics,Aspirin,Anticoagulant therapy,Revascularization,Specific diseases,Arterial hypertension Valvular heart disease Aortic stenosis Mitral stenosis AR and MR prosthetic valve(s),Arterial hypertension,antihypertensive medications should be continued during the perioperative period. In patients with grade 3 hypertension (systolic blood pressure 180 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg), the potential benefits of delaying surgery to optimize the pharmacological therapy should be weighed against the risk of delaying the surgical procedure,Valvular heart disease,higher risk Echocardiography should be performed,Aortic stenosis,Severe AS : aortic valve area 1 cm2 0.6 cm2/m2 body surface area),Mitral stenosis,relatively lowrisk : non-significant mitral stenosis (MS) (valve area 1.5 cm2) and in asymptomatic patients with significant MS (valve area 1.5 cm2) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure 50 mmHg control of heart rate Strict control of fluid overload anticoagulation AF,AR and MR,Non-significant AR and MR (low risk) asymptomatic patients with severe AR and MR and preserved LV function (low risk) Symptomatic patients and LV EF30% (High risk, only if necessary ,optimization of pharmacological therapy ),prosthetic valve(s),no evidence of valve or ventricular dysfunction (without additional risk ) endocarditis prophylaxis anticoagulation regimen modification,Bradyarrhythmias,Temporary cardiac pacing is rarely required, even in the presence of pre-operative asymptomatic bifascicular block or CLBBB The indications for temporary pacemakers are generally the same as those for permanent pacemakers,Pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator,unipolar electrocautery represents a significant risk be avoided by positioning the ground plate Keeping the electrocautery device away from the pacemaker, giving only brief bursts and using the lowest possible amplitude,The implantable cardioverter defibrillator should be turned off during surgery and switched on in the recovery phase before discharge to the ward,Perioperative monitoring,V5(75%),V4(61%),V5+V4(90%), V5+V4+II(96%) Continuous automated ST trending monitors (sensitivity and specificity of 74 and 73% ),ECG,Transesophageal echocardiography,Right heart catherization,both a large observational study and a randomized multicentre clinical trial did not show a benefit associated with the use of right heart catheterization no difference in mortality and hospital duration / a higher incidence of pulmonary embolism,Disturbed glucose metabolism,promotes atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of platelets and proinflammatory cytokines,Intraoperative anaesthetic management,proper organ perfusion pressure Spinal and epidural anaesthesia (T4) One meta-analysis reported significantly improved survival and reduced incidence of post-operative thromboembolic,cardiac and pulmonary complications with neuraxial blockade compared