连词和状语从句.doc

连词和状语从句*Inconsolable 帅 编辑高三12班资料一、连词1并列连词 用来连接两个并列成分（词、短语或句子）的连词是并列连词。 A)表示对等关系的连词主要有and, both.and., not only.but also., not only. but .as well, nor, neither, neither. nor., not. or.。 eg. The policeman blew his whistle and the car stopped. Turn the handle to the right and the box will open. (= If .) I have not said that before, nor will I ever say so in the future. B)表示转折关系的连词主要有but, however, neverthe less, (and) yet, (but) still, while。 eg. I enjoy crime stories, but it doesnt mean that I will commit a crime myself. Tim was very tired, however, he kept on working. It may rain, nevertheless, we will start on our trip. There seems little chance for him, but still he doesnt want to give up. C)表示选择关系的连词主要有or, either. or., whether. or., otherwise。 eg. Either you leave the house, or Ill call the police. Hurry up, or/otherwise, youll miss the train. (= Unless.) D)表示因果关系的连词主要有for, so, therefore。 eg. It must be very cold outside, for the river is frozen over. I was absent minded, so I didnt hear the teachers instruction. The old woman expected her son would come back, therefore, she left the door unlocked.2从属连词 从属连词可以引导各种从句，它们的功能就是把主句和从句连接在一起，但是在学习的时候千万要注意，与汉语有所不同，英语中主句和从句之间，一般只要用一个连词就可以了，这就是为什么我们在英语中“因为”，就不好再用“所以”，用了“虽然”就不好再用“但是”的道理。当然有些原本是由两个部分构成的连词不包括在内，如：both. and.；not only., but also. ；hardly. when.等很多从属连词还有自己的意思。所以在学习从句的时候，掌握连词的正确使用是十分重要的。因为我们下面会分别讨论各种从句，所以从属连词的内容就放到各种从句中再详细讨论学习。二、状语从句1时间状语从句 A)常用连词：when, whenever, while, as, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as, once, hardly.when, no sooner. than, by the time, each time, every time, the moment, the first time等。 eg. Phone me whenever you meet with problems. As days went by, it was getting colder and colder. Once you master the rules, it will become very easy. By the time he reached the airport, the plane had already taken off. Every time we go on a picnic it rains. You are sure to recognize the man the moment you see him. The first time the director saw her, she was quarrelling with her classmates. B)复习要点：a)注意时间状语从句中，一般要用现在时态代替将来时态。 b)连词until的用法 eg. Wait there until I arrive. Dont leave there until I arrive. c)when可连接并列句，意思为“就在那时”。 eg. Jasmine was holidaying in a wildlife park when she was bitten by on the leg by a bear. He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder. d)while可连接并列句，意思为“而.”。 eg. The southerners eat rice while the northerners like noodles.2地点状语从句 A)连词：where, wherever eg. Ill pick you up where you get off the bus. Mold grows quickly wherever it is warm and wet. Where/Wherever there is water, there is life. B)注意地点状语从句和定语从句的区别 eg. Go back where you came from. Go back to the place where you came from. 试译：他突然发现自己又回到了原来出发的地方了。 用定语从句：He suddenly found that he was back to the place where he had started. 用状语从句：He suddenly found that he was back where he had started.3原因状语从句 连词：because, since, as, now that eg. We were late because there was a lot of traffic on the way. Since its Sunday today, therere more people in the market. As she has no car, she cant get there easily. Now that you are tired, you must take a rest. 注意，在回答用Why提问的句子和强调句型（It is . that）时，一般只用because，因为在这些连词中，because 最强调原因，而since, as, now that以及并列连词for所讲的原因，要么是双方都已经知道的原因，要么并不是直接原因。4目的状语从句 A)连词：that, so that, in order that eg. He is keeping quiet that he may not disturb his father. Bring it closer so that I may/can see it better. He studied harder in order that he might catch up with his classmates. B)目的状语从句可以用in order to或so as to转换。 eg. I got up early so that I might catch the early bus. I got up early in order to catch the early bus. C)在目的状语从句中，动词前一般要用can, could, may, might等助动词，有时也可用will或would。5结果状语从句A)连词：that, so that, so. that, such.that eg. What have I done that you should be so angry with me? The boy climbed higher, so that he saw the roof of the building. The moonlight was so bright that we didnt need a flashlight. It was such a lovely day that we decided to go for a picnic. B)注意so. that与such. that的不同用法。 用such.that的句型是：such + adj. + n. that.用so.that的句型是：so +adj./adv. that.。但是so.that的句型也可以在that前用名词，但只能是可数名词的单数（词序是：so + adj. + a + n. that.）。此外当句型中的形容词是many, much, few, little（少）时，也只能用so.that的句型。eg. He is such a clever boy/so clever a boy that he can solve these problems very fast. There are so many people here that we dont have enough seats for them. C)that与so that可以引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句，要区别这两种从句，只要看从句中的动词，因为在目的状语从句中，一般要用can, could, may, might等助动词，而结果状语从句中则不用。 eg. They worked night and day so that they might finish the building ahead of schedule.（目的） They worked night and day so that they finished the building ahead of schedule.（结果）6条件状语从句 A)连词：if, unless, as long as, so long as, on condition that, in case等。 eg. If they dont get here soon, we will leave without them. He will not phone me, unless something unexpected happens. 注：用if或unless引导的从句经常可以互相转换。上面两个例子就可以变成： Unless they get here soon, we will leave without them. He will not phone me if theres nothing unexpected happens.或He will phone me if theres something unexpected happens. You can go out, as long as/so long as/ on condition that you promise to be back before 11 oclock. Call me immediately in case anything happens. B)条件状语从句中一般要用现在时态来代替将来时态。 C)条件状语从句经常可以用“祈使句+ and/ or.”来转换。 eg. If you listen carefully, there wont be any difficult points for you. Listen carefully, and there wont be any difficult points for you. No one will understand unless you speak slowly and clearly. Speak slowly and clearly, or no one will understand. *D)除了真实条件句之外，还有虚拟条件句，从句中的条件和结果都与事实相反。现在上海市的高考英语中，虚拟条件句只要求理解。虚拟条件句的主要形式见下表：条件状语从句中动词主句中动词与现在事实相反didshould/would/could/might do与过去事实相反had dongshould/would/could/might have done将来的可能性几乎没有did/ should do/ were to doshould/would/could/might do7方式状语从句 A)连词：as, just as.so, as if, as though。 eg. The professor told his students to do as he did. Just as one gesture can have many different meanings, so many different gestures can have the same meaning. He talked as if/though he had a potato in his mouth. *B)用as if或as though的句子，经常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，动词的用法是：从句动词的动作或状态与主句动词同时发生时，用过去时态，从句动词的动作或状态发生在主句动词之前，用过去完成时态。 eg. He passed by Jane, as if he didnt see her. He is talking as if he had seen the accident himself.8比较状语从句 连词：as. as, not as/so. as, than。 比较状语从句在前面形容词副词这一章节中已经讨论过了，此处不在重复。9让步状语从句A)连词：though, although, as, even if, even though, whether. or, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter who/what/which/when/where/how.等。 eg. Though/Although he is young, he is experienced. = Young as he is, he is experienced. Even if it rains or snows, he goes to work by bike. Theyre not happy even though they have everything they need. Things will change, whether you like it or not. No matter who/ Whoever says so, it is not true. No matter what/ Whatever difficulty he meets with, he wont give it up. No matter which/ Whichever you choose from them, you will be satisfied. Come no matter when/ whenever you have time. No matter where/ Wherever she goes, they will follow her. No matter how/However hare he tried, he couldnt get it through.B）注意as引导让步状语从句时的词序：adj./adv./n. /v.+ as +S + V eg. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Much as I admire him, I dont like him. Try as you may, you cant succeed without others help.*C)even if, even though也可以引导一个虚拟语气的从句，用法同虚拟条件句。D)引导让步状语从句时，no matter who = whoever，no matter what = whatever，.。但是没有no matter whether(X)!高考真题试析：_, I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveledB. Now that I have traveled so much C. Much as I have traveledD. As I have traveled so much选C。本题考的是让步状语从句。句子所要表达的意思是“虽然我经常旅行，我从来也没有见到像约翰那样能干的人。”用as来引导一个让步状语从句表示“虽然”，必须把句子中的状语或表语提到句首，再加as加主谓结构。而as如果放在句首时，意思是“由于”或者“当.的时候”。as long as 引导状语从句，意思是“只要”；now that引导状语从句，意思是“既然”。He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. asB. untilC. whileD. when选D。本题考连词when的用法。本句中，when是并列连词，意思是“就在那个时候”，经常用在句型be about to do/ be doing . when . 这一句型中，表示“当某个动作就要发生的时候，另一个动作发生了”。“How far apart do they live?” “ _ I know, they live in the same neighbourhood.” A. As long asB. As far asC. As well asD. As often as选B。本题考短语连词的意思。as far as意思是“就.（而言）”，而as long as的意思是“只要.”，后面应该连接条件状语从句，用在此句中，意义说不通。We were in _ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets. A. a rush so anxiousB. a such anxious rush C. so an anxious rushD. such an anxious rush选D。要表示“如此.，以至于.”的意思，用so和such都可以，但句型结构不同：“so + 形容词/副词（ + a/an + 名词）+ that 从句”或“such（ + a/an）+形容词/副词 + 名词 + that 从句”。A good storyteller must be able to hole his listeners curiosity _ he reached the end of the story. A. whenB. unlessC. afterD. until选D。根据题意，用until（直到）句子才符合逻辑。全句的意思是“一个会讲故事的人，必须能一直抓住听众的好奇心，直到他把故事讲完。”“Dad, Ive finished my assignment.” “Good, and _ you play or watch TV, you mustnt disturb me.”A. wheneverB. whetherC. whateverD. no matter选B。本题考让步状语whether . or .的结构。当whether . or .引导一个状语从句时，意思为“无论.还是.”。其他三个选项中，no matter必须后面加上when，where等疑问词才能连接从句。而用whenever或whatever则意思讲不通。Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _ she was bitten on the leg by a lion. A. whenB. whileC. sinceD. once选A。本题考由when引导的并列句，when在此的意思是“就在那时”。当when作为并列连词的时候，经常用在be about to do/ be doing. when.的句型中。本句正属此例。Parents should take seriously their childrens requests for sunglasses _ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather. A. because B. thoughC. unlessD. if选A。根据上下文，可以看出此句要表达的是因果关系，所以选用because。He transplanted the little tree to the garden _ it was the best time for it. A. whereB. whenC. thatD. until选B。根据上下文，可以看出这个连词引导的是一个时间状语从句。四个选项中，只有when和until可以连接时间状语从句，但要用until，那么主句应该用否定形式didnt transplant，所以只能用when。A dozen ideas were considered _ the chief architect decided on the design of the building. A. becau