非谓语动词知识点.doc

非谓语动词考点总结一、 分词、不定式作宾语补足语的用法要点 1. 分不定式作宾语补足语的区别a. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等，和使役动词have后面的宾语补足语有两种情况 当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时，需用动词原形（不带to的不定式），及doing（现在分词一般主动式）。不带to的不定式表完成，doing表正在进行当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时，需用过去分词及being done（现在分词一般被动式）。过去分词表完成或没有一定的时间性，being done表正在进行b. 使役动词let后加复合宾语时，有两种情况 let + 宾语 + do 让做let + 宾语 + be done 让被做c. leave后接非谓语动词做宾语补足语时，意为“使处于某种状态” sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事（宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系） sth. undone留下某事未做（宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched等）leave sb. to so sth. 留下某人做某事 sth. to be done 留下某事要做 （不定式表将来）d. have, get后可以接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词三种形式作宾语补足语，have, get表示“使、让、叫”之意have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做（叫、让某人做某事） Have sb./sth. doing使、让某人/物持续地做（现在分词表主动进行） Get sb./ sth. doing使某人/物开始做 Have sb. do sth. 使/让/叫某人做某事 Get sb. to do sth. 2. 下列动词及动词词组后接不定式作补足语，即“动词/动词词组 + sb. + to do” Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on等 3. 注意下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语 Sb. be said/believed/ know/ reported/ considered/ found/ thought + to do/ to have done/ to be done/ to have been done二、 不定式、分词作定语的用法要点1. 不定式作定语a. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词b. 作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式的动作的承受者时，不定式即可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但含义不同c. 用不定式作定语的几种情况不定式表将来用来修饰被序数词，最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系被修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse2. 分词作定语a. 作定语的及物动词分词形式为v.-ing, being + 过去分词和过去分词当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，是v.-ing当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词b. 作定语的不及物动词分词形式为v.-ing和过去分词v.-ing表正在进行 过去分词表已经完成3. 不定式to be done形式、过去分词和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别 不定式to be done表被动、将来 过去分词表被动、完成 现在分词being done表被动、正在进行三、 不定式、动名词作宾语的用法要点1. 一些动词只能用不定式作宾语2. 一些动词只能用名词作宾语3. 一些动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别4. 动词不定式在介词but, other than后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则带to5. 不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等的宾语时，前面常带引导词How, what, whether, where, when, who等，但why后加不带to的不定式四、 不定式、分词作状语的用法要点1. 不定式作状语某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐后跟不定式表原因。在带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。注：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to或so as to+动词原形。 So as to不用于句首2. 分词作状语a. 分词作状语其形式的选择v.-ing (doing)： 与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本同时发生having + v.-ed（having done）：与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词发生v.-ed (done)：与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系being + v.-ed (having been done)：与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语b. 分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。即：分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则一般不能使用分词作状语c. 分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式伴随状况等，表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出d. 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分e. 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构独立主格结构的特点是： 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，他独立存在独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的诸位活动宾关系独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句区分开 分词作定语1. Mary is a new nurse and her job is to take care of the soldiers.A. wound B. wounded C. wounding D. being wounded 2. The meeting next Thursday mainly aims to deal with the problems linked to teenagers mental health.A. to be held B. held C. being held D. having been held 3. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been knownC. to be known D. known4 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing Mining Company_ as 3M. A. knowing. B. known. C. being known. D. to be known5 The _ dishes lay on the floor. A breaking. B. broken. C. broke. D. break6 the ship_ by a huge piece of iceberg sank with its passengers. A. hitting. B. hit. C. hitted. D. to hit.7 Tell Mary that theres someone _ for her at the door. A. waiting. B. waits. C. waited. D. to wait.8 There is a big dog_ to a tree outside the house. A. tying. B. tied. C. to tie. D. ties.9 The Olympic Games_ in 776 B.C.did not include women players until 1912. A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing10. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than some store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying11. Whats the language_ in Germany?A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak12. If the building project _by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. A. is completed B. to be completed C. being completed D. completed13. The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road.(08hunan) A being blown down B blown down C blowing down D to blow down14. It is one of the funniest things_on the Internet this year. (08zhejinang) A finding B being found C to find D found15.The flowers _ sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(08shanghai0 A to smell B smelling C smelt D to be smelt 16. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most famous building at that time.A to be completed B having been completed C completed D being completed分词作状语练习题1. _ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered2. Finding her car stolen, _. A. a policeman was asked to helpB. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhereD. she hurried to a policeman for help3. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. A. hopedB. hopingC. to hopeD. hope4. While building a tunnel through the mountain, _. A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discoveredC. a lake was discovered undergroundD. the workers discovered an underground lake5. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited6. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed7. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lackedB. lacking ofC. lackingD. lacked in8._ more attention, the tree could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given.9. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose10. _by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two d