高一英语必修4知识点总结.doc

高一英语必修4 各单元知识点归纳Unit1 Women of achievement重点短语梳理1 devoteto (doing) sth.把奉献给devote oneself to致力于，献身于 be devoted to专心致志于 2 human beings 人类 3 move off 离开，启程，出发 4 lead alife 过着的生活5 crowd in 涌上心头，涌入脑海 6 look down on/ upon 蔑视，瞧不起 7 refer to 查阅，参考，谈到 (其中，to为介词) 8 by chance 碰巧，凑巧 9. come across 偶遇，碰见 10. carry on 继续，坚持carry out 实行，执行，完成 11. be dressed in 穿着 dress as 打扮成 12.fight for 为.而战 fight against 与战斗 13.put to death判死刑 14. concern oneself with关注 注意 15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事16. in the shade of 在的树荫下，在的庇护下 17.gain doctors degree 获得博士学位 18. be considered as 被看做. 19.take turns to do sth 采取步骤做某事 20.do research on 做方面的研究 21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着22. by now 直到现在语法剖析（主谓一致）主谓一致，指人称和数方面的一致关系。分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致。(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数。以下为注意事项:1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数。如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质。No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数。如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night ; 以及The United Nations 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。(二) 内容一致原则: 1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3. 加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如: The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原则1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2. 用连词or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。Units 2 Working the land重点短语梳理 1 if not 如果不 If so 如果这样2.consider oneself sth 自认为是 consider sb sth 认为某人是 3.since then 从那时起4.search for a way to do sth 寻找做某事的途径。5.thanks to 幸亏，由于，因为 （to为介词）6.ridof 摆脱，除去 get rid of 除去7. be satisfied with 对感到满意 8 would rather do than do宁愿，宁可也不=would do rather than do 9with the hope of 满怀希望.10.in some way 在某种程度上 11.cause damage to 对 造成危害。12.build up 增强，强大 13. lead to 导致，造成(to为介词)14. focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于 15. keepfrom/of 使免受（影响、伤害等）语法剖析（非谓语动词-动词的-ing形式作主语和宾语）一、动词-ing形式作主语 动词-ing形式作主语常用来表示经常性和习惯性的动作。动词-ing形式作主语通常放在句首，谓语用单数形式。例如：Listening to music is my sisters hobby. 动词-ing形式作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，可以用it作形式主语。常用的结构：1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of etc. + v-ing 例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.二、动词-ing形式作宾语 动词-ing形式既可作动词的宾语，又可作介词的宾语。1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing形式作宾语：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等动词; cant stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短语。2. 在下列短语中，to是介词，后面应用动词-ing形式作宾语：be / get used to, look forward to, devoteto, pay attention to, object to等。3. 下列动词或短语既可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别： like, love, prefer如表示经常性的行为后接动词-ing形式；如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式，但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would，后面则接动词不定式。如：Would you like to go shopping with me? 下列几组词接动词-ing形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同：forget doing 忘记已做过某事； forget to do 忘记要做某事remember doing 记得做过某事； remember to do 记住要做某事mean doing 意思是，意味着； mean to do 打算做 regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do 遗憾要做某事cant help doing 禁不住做； cant help (to) do 不能帮忙做。 在allow, permit, advise等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We dont allow smoking in the classroom.We dont allow students to smoke. 动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后用动词-ing的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，这时动词-ing的主动形式表被动意义。如：Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.三、动词-ing的复合结构动词-ing的复合结构即：物主代词或名词所有格(作宾语时也可以用代词宾格或名词普通格) + 动词-ing。如：Lucys turning up surprised everyone present.Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?四、动词-ing的时态、语态以及否定形式动词-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 两种时态，一般式的被动语态是being done，完成式的被动语态是having been done。动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。例如：Im sorry for not having told you the news earlier.Unit 3 A taste of English humour重点短语梳理 1break into 闯入，进入 2up to now 直到现在 3brighten the lives of 照亮某人的生活道路 4feel/be content with 对满足 5badly off 穷的，缺少的 6in search of 寻找.7pick out 挑选出，辨认出 8on the edge of 在边沿9cut off 切断，断绝10in silence沉默，不作声 11. make use of 使用12.be angry about 对很生气13.star in 担任主角，主演 语法剖析（动词的-ing形式作定语、表语和补语）一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容 ,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job) 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词）The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。3.常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。全析提示：动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。What worries me most is her staying too late every night.(staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)二、 动词-ing形式作定语1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south) 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket)你认识在打篮球的那个男孩吗？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。三、动词-ing形式作宾补1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。 When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。 They found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词，（常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等）+ sb + doing sth（作宾补）I felt somebody standing behind me.2) 表示指使意义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补）We kep