科普知识等说明文阅读.doc

科普知识等说明文阅读汇景中学初二英语备课组Part I：专题分析：一、体裁介绍：科普知识类的阅读文体往往以说明文为主，它不像记叙文那样具有很强的故事性，也不像议论文那样要论述说明一个道理，也不像应用文那样主要是传达一些重要信息。科普文章涉及的题材也很广泛，例如：生态平衡、未来能源、环境保护、太空、食物能量、海啸等等。它们有很强的知识性，这些知识往往不是我们能从社会生活实际经验中可以得到的。二、题目设计：科普知识类的阅读文体在阅读理解测试中主要考查细节性和事实性的题目。三、解题技巧：1、在读这类文章时要注意把握文章的主题和中心，要注重文章中的事实。一般来说，科普知识类的阅读文章的开头或结尾句往往是文章的中心意思所在，起到总结、归纳的作用，所以要特别注意阅读文章的开头和结尾。2、因为科普阅读涉及内容不是我们社会生活实际经验，所以往往生词比较多，句子的结构也较为复杂，解题时可以先看题目，你会发现大多数题目都与生词没有很大关系，这样看完题目再去读文章可以避免你先看文章发现有较多生词而产生恐慌和紧张的消极情绪，也可以带着问题去阅读找到与题目相关的信息，使自己的阅读更有更强的目的性，从而节省了时间又提高了自己解题的正确率。3、由于这类文体在阅读理解测试中主要考查细节性和事实性的题目。所以往往可从文章表面即只要通读全文所叙述的重要事实，就可以解答出来，甚至有的可以从文章的原句中就直接可以找到答案。它往往不需要根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，或者要联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音和文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。4、由于科普文生词比较多，所以要学会猜测词意。 1）利用上下文猜测词义：在阅读中我们可以利用熟悉的词所创设的上下文语境，来猜测生词词义。 2）根据下定义或解释猜测词义。3）利用同义词或反义词猜测词义。4）利用所举示例猜测词义（ 标志：for example，such as等词语）。5）利用生活常识猜测词义。6）根据构词法猜测词义。 5、“头脑风暴”在科普阅读中的运用。“头脑风暴”：在拿到阅读材料大致了解文章内容后马上在自己的脑子里把与这方面有关的信息提取出来，进行相关情节及事件的联想，使大脑里即刻充满有关文章内容的信息，这非常有助于加深对文章的理解。四、 解题步骤：在科普阅读中我们比较多采用“先题后文”的解题步骤。1、读题：先读材料后的测试题目。但只能是读其问题或题干，而没有必要读问题后的选项，因为读了你也记不住，还可能干扰你的阅读。 2、记题：在读了题之后，要把这些问题记在心里，并带着这些问题去阅读文章，这是要经过反复的训练才能形成的能力。 3、读文：即带着问题读文章。阅读时对文章中出现的那些与问题有关的词句，可以用一支铅笔在文章中作些记号，比如这句与第2题有关，你可以给它下划线并写上2，以便为选择及检查验证时作好准备，节省时间提高效率。4、答题5、验证：再看看文章中自己做了记号的与题目相关的句子或词语，确保自己的答案是对的。Part II、例题解题精讲：Passage 1一、先读题目并记住题目：（ ）1. What is Not true about a museum? A. Its a good place to do some shopping. B. Its a good place to learn about art.C. People can learn about science there.D. People can learn about the history of a place there.（ ）2. People can Not _ in a museum.A. see movies B. listen to talks C. make things D. play with bears（ ）3. In Indianapolis .A. there is only one museum for children B. museums are all the sameC. its free for children to visit the childrens museumD. people do not have to pay to visit the childrens museum（ ）4. In the childrens museum in Indianapolis, children like to see _.A. the dinosaur bones B. all old bones C. old streets D. airplanes （ ）5. The main idea of the passage is that_.A. there are all kinds of museums B. children like museumsC. animals and trees are found in museumsD. old cars and airplanes are kept in museums二、阅读文章内容并带着问题在相关的句子下做记号：What is a museum? A museum is a good place to keep old and beautiful things. A museum may be a place to learn about science and a place to find out about art or people or animals.What is inside a museum? Some museums have old cars and airplanes. Many museums have pictures and statues. (雕像) Others have rocks and old bones. One museum even has a real old street inside. It has shops and peoples statues doing business. It looks so real that one might feel that he was back to the old time.Many cities have museums. Some very small towns have museums, too. Indianapolis has a childrens museum. Children do not have to pay to get in. Children often go to the museum. They like to look at the dinosaur bones. They see a white bear ten feet tall. On Saturdays, Indianapolis children can hear talks about animals and trees. They see movies. They take hikes. They even learn to make things there. 这是一篇有关博物馆的说明文，第一句话就说出了本文的主题是有关博物馆的。所以我们可以马上在头脑里联想有关博物馆的各种信息，例如自己去过的博物观、它的种类和用途等。读的时候我们发现标上的句子与第1题有关，标上的句子与第2题有关，标上的句子与第3题有关，标上的句子与第4题有关，我们做了这些标记是为了更快更准确地找到答案。四、验证答案：我们可以从做了标记的句子分别一一验证对应的题目，再次确定自己的答案是正确的。而第5题考查的是概括性的题目，我们仔细分析选项B,C,D都比较片面的，可以排除。Passage 2我们用同样的方法做这篇阅读理解：（ ）1. A plant gets food from_.A. the sun B. its leaves C. its roots D. the air （ ）2. What does the green coloring use to make the food for a plant?A. Sunshine, water, air and roots. B. Air, sunshine and waterC. Water, air and meat. D. Water, sunshine and animals.（ ）3. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for_ to come in.A. air B. water C. sunshine D. green coloring（ ）4. A plant can make its food when it is _.A. cloudy B. rainy C. sunny D. windy（ ）5. People would die without_.A. animals B. meat C. plants D. leavesA plant makes its own food inits leaves. Water comes to leaves through the toots(根). Air gets into the leaves through very small holes. The green coloring （绿色素） in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining.Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plants.Part III、专题练习:Passage 3Mails, games, music, news, chat rooms（聊天室） and shopping! The Internet is part of the way we live today. Its easy to get onto the Internet. The only thing we need to do is to use a modem which is used for connecting a computer to a telephone line. The Internet is changing and growing all the time. More and more people have computers and use the Internet. Using the Internet means surfing the World Wide Web(Thats the “www” you always hear about.) The Web（网）has large numbers of websites（网站）in it. They are the places you go to get information and do things.Where do these websites come from? They are made by web designers（设计师）.What happens when you click on a word or a picture? You are sent to another page. Its all because of the web designer. Web designers do a lot of work by using a computer programming（程序编辑） language.Is Web design all about computer programming? No. Its about making something new. Web designers must imagine a lot when they are making a website. It must look good and be fun to use. A big part of Web design is art. They choose the best pictures and colors to make the website look good. They also write the things that you see on the website. An important part of their job is to share（分享）ideas with the website manager about how to design the website well.( )1This passage is mainly（主要的）about .Acomputer programming languageBthe web designers workCthe website managers workDthe way to get onto the Internet( )2More and more people are using the Internet because its .Aeasy and usefulBbeautiful and funnyCcolorful and hopefulDchanging and growing( )3Its possible for us to change websites by just a click because of .Athe moderns helpBthe telephone lines helpCthe web designers workDthe website managers work( )4Which of the following is wrong?A. www means “World Wide Web”. B. Therere a few websites on the web. C. The Internet has changed peoples lives. D. We can do things like shopping on the Internet.( )5The web designers do a lot of work except .Amaking the websites new and beautiful Bwriting things on the InternetCdoing the computer programmingDfollowing the managers ideasPassage 4The undersea world is very beautiful. Now more and more people want to dive in the water to find the secret there. Scuba diving is a new sport today. It can take you into a wonderful undersea world.You will find many strange animals in the sea. Some are as large as a school bus. Many sea animals give out light in the dark and some have sharp teeth.During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. However, you cant dive too deep. And you must be very careful when you dive in deep water.The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. Its cold, and its dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is. At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is very dark inthe sea. Many fishes have no eyes. Some have big eyes. A few have eyes on one side.Besides (除了) the cold and the darkness, deep-sea animals face a third dangerother animals.Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have two big jobs. They need to find animals as food, and they have to try not to become other animals meal.( )1. Why do people want to dive in the sea? Because _.A. they want to catch fish B. the sea is deepC. they want to find the secrets of the undersea worldD. there are all kinds of plants in the sea( )2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you _.A. can see everything green and blue B. cant be in dangerC. can catch nothing D. cant see anything clearly( )3. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea ?A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.( )4. When you do scuba diving, you can_.A. stay in deep water for a long time B. dive very, very deepC. live in deep water easily D. dive freely without any dangers( )5. Which of the following is WRONG?A. One animal finds something to eat, and it may be eaten by others.B. At the depth of 3, 000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling.C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and colder it is.D. At the depth of 3, 000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing.Passage5Killer bees started in Brazil in 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜）. So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees .The bees bred（繁殖）and made a new kind of bees .But the new bees were a mistake .They didnt want to make more honey .They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twentysix African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.Scientists could not control（控制） the problem. The bees increased fast .They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year .This means one million new groups every five years.Why are people afraid of killer bees ?People are afraid for two reasons .First ,the bees sting（叮）many more times than usual bees .Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute non-stop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas .In a few years they will reach all over the United States .People can do nothing but wait.( )1After the African bees lived together with the Brazilian bees,they .Amade more honeyBmade a new kind of beesCmade a mistakeDwanted to attack( )2Why are people afraid of killer bees?AThey increase fast.BSeveral hundred people are dead.CThey sting more and attack in groups. DTheyre big and strong( )3Where have killer bees reached now?ANorth America. BBrazil. CVenezuela. DAll over the US( )4The best title of the passage is .AHow to make more honeyBKiller bees CA foolish scientistDHow to feed killer beesPassage 6A Japanese toy maker says that theyve developed a gadget（小器具）that translates dog barks（吠）into human languages and plan to begin selling the gadgetsunder the name of Bowlingualin the US pet stores and present shops this summer.People laughed when the Japanese toy maker Takara company made the worlds first dog-human translation machine last year .But about 300,000 of them have been sold since it was on sale in Japan last year .Far bigger sales will be expected once an English language translation machine for dogs comes to America in August .The United States is home to about 67 million dogs, more than six times the number in Japan.“We know that the Americans love their dogs so much ,so we dont think theyll mind spending $ 120 on this gadget”, the Takara marketing manager said before the journalists at a meeting in Atlanta. Bowlingual, one of US Time magazines coolest inventions of 2002, has two parts .A microphone is tied to the dogs collar（项圈）and sends out sound information to the gadget held by the owner .Then the translation is done in the gadget by a database （数据库）with every kind of barks .Those barks show six feelingshappiness, sadness, disappointment, anger, declaration and desire .Each of the feelings is then translated into words like “Lets play.” “Look at me!” or “Spend more time with me.”Takara says it has spent millions of dollars developing the gadget .One thing that seems certain is that the markets for animal translation machines will probably be a dogs world since Takara has no plans to develop such a gadget for cats . “They are too unpredictable（反复无常）,”the marketing manager said.( )1The first three paragraphs of the passage mainly tell us that Bowlingual .Awas invented in JapanBhas developed quicklyCwill be sold in AmericaDsells well for its price( )2The underlined word “they” in the last sentence refers to .Amarkets Bdogs CplansDcats( )3When was this passage most probably written?AIn the winter of 2002.BIn the spring of 2003.CIn the summer of 2002.DIn the autumn of 2003.( )4From the passage, we can see that Takara is the sale of its new gadget in the US.Aproud of Bpleased with Cconfident of Dworried aboutPassage 7 There are about fifteen hundred languages in the world. But only a few of them are very important. English is one of these. Many, many people use it, not only in England and the USA, but also in other parts of the world. About 200,000,000 people speak it as their own language. It is difficult to say how many people are learning it as a foreign language. Many millions of people are trying to do so. Is it easy or difficult to learn English? Different people may have different answers. Have you ever noticed ads (广告) of this kind in the newspapers or magazines? Learn English in six weeks, or give your money back , easy and funny., Our records and tapes help you master English in a month. Of course, it never happened quite like this. The only language that seems easy to learn is the mother tongue. We should remember that we all learned our own language well when we were children. If we could learn English in the same way, it would not seem so difficult. Think of what a small child does. He listens to what people say. He tries what he hears. So it is hard to say that learning English is easy. We must do a lot of practice. And practice needs great effort and takes much time. Good teachers, records, tapes, books, and dictionaries will be helpful, but they cannot do the students work for him.( )1. How many languages are very important in the world? A. A few. B. Few. C. About 1,500. D. Many.( )2. If we want to learn English well, what shall we do? A. We should study it without any help. B. We must do a lot of practice. C. We need to get much money back. D. We must live in England or America.( )3. How does the writer like the ads in the newspapers or magazines? A. He thinks the ads very expensive. B. He thinks the ads are true. C. It never happened quite like what the ads said. D. He believes Learn English in six weeks, or give your money back.( )4. Which language is easy to learn? A. English. B. Chinese. C. Japanese. D. The mother language.( )5. Which countries use English as mother tongue? A. China and France. B. Japan and Italy. C. England and America. D. Germany and hag. Passage 8A bug flies by a plant. This plant has a pretty red flower. The bug smells something wonderful. So it goes nearer and nearer to the flower. Then it sees some leaves on the plant. They are long and green and good to eat. But they look strange. They are folded(折叠) together. The bug flies over and sits on one. Oooops! Thats the end of the bug.This poor bug has landed on a plant that eats bugs! Meat-eating plants use special ways to trap bugs.Some have pretty flowers. They look so nice and smell so sweet that bugs fly directly（直接地）into them. But there is no way they can get out. The plant keeps the bug there. It uses the bug as food. Thats how the plant lives.There are many kinds of plants that eat bugs. Each plant has a special way to catch bugs. The leaves of one plant snap(猛地咬住) together when the bug lands on them. Other plants have sticky(粘性的) leaves. These leaves roll up(卷起来) with the bugs trapped inside them.One kind of this plant has little hairs on its leaves. They hold anything that comes along so it can not get away. Then the leaves close up around the food.You can keep a plant like this in your home. Dont worry. You wont have to catch bugs to feed it. Just go to a flower store. You can get special food there. If not, you can just give it bits of meat.( )1. The sentence Oooops! Thats the end of the bug. means .A. Oh! Its food is missing B. Ah! Its life endsC. Oh, bad! It disappears suddenly D. Oh! It flies away at once( )2. Why is that the end of the bug?A. It gets hurt and cant fly again. B. It likes eating sweet things.C. The plant on which it lands will eat it. D. It wants to live on leaves forever.( )3. From this passage, we can know that a bug was .A. a kind of plant B. a kind of sugarC. a kind of very small insect(昆虫) D. a kind of flower( )4. If you have a plant that eats bugs, you .A. must catch bugs to feed it B. can go to a flower store for special foodC. should give it some vegetables D. need to give it some rice or milkPassage 9The word “day” has two meanings. When we talk about the number of days in a year, we are using “day” to mean 24 hours. But when we talk about day and night, we are using “day” to mean the time between sunrise and sunset. Since