名词性从句语法.doc

名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。编辑本段一、引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which.whichever,whomever连接副词：when, where, how, why,how many,how much不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.whether与if 区别一、引导宾语从句，一般既可用whether也可用if。但or not放在whether之后时，只能用whether不用if。I dont know whether or not he will come. 我不知道他是不是回来。注1：如果or not放在whether所引导的从句句尾，则可以用if来替换。I dont know whether/if he will come or not.我不知道他是不是回来。2 在强调任意选择时,用whetheror,此时不用if替换whether。He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。注：whether和or一起还有“不管”之意,引导让步状语从句。Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.不管开车来还是乘火车来，他都会准时到。3 虽引导宾语从句，但为了强调宾语部分，也可把从句放在句首，此时只用whether不用if。Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。4 从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。It depends on whether it will be fine.那得看是不是晴天。5 作discuss等动词的宾语时，用whether不用if。We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论是不是该关掉商店。6 句子中有if引导的条件句，如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句，用whether不用if。He asked me whether Id move to New York if I got the job.他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬家到纽约。7 容易产生歧义时用whether不用if来表示“是否”。 Please let me know if you need help. 如果你需要帮助请告诉我。或：请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比：Please let me know if you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。8 如果宾语从句为否定句时，则只用if不用whether。I dont know if it wont rain tomorrow.我不知道明天是不是会下雨。二、在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether不用if。如：Whether it is true remains a question.(主语从句)那是不是真的还是个问题。The question is whether it is true.(表语从句)问题是是不是真的。We have a doubt whether it is true.(同位语从句) 我们怀疑那是不是真的。注:whether引导主语从句放在主句之后时可用if来代替。It is unclear whether/if he likes the present.他是不是喜欢那个礼物还不清楚。三、用在动词不定式之前时用whether不用if。I dont know whether to go there at once. 我不知道是不是该立刻去那里。.主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) thatIt is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成，例如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。if和whether的区别：1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如：例8 I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。2、在whether or not 的固定搭配中。如：例9 I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。3 、在介词后，只能用whether。如：例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如：Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。（例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。此例为主语从句，有误，感谢指出）5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义.否定转移1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having)Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。十、高考热点透视1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)A. There B. This C. That D. It答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无实义。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.2A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do（NMET2001）Ahow Bafter Cwhat Dwhen 答案C。从句子结构可知，句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词，做主句谓语动词do的宾语，同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语，因此，此处的连接词应该用what。3. He asked _ for a violin（MET1992）A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 答案：D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，句子语序要用陈述语序。4. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海2001年春季招生）A. when B. how C. whether D. why 答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知，所怀疑的应是是否能治好病，所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。”5It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. (NMET1997)A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句，而从句中wants缺少宾语，A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语的；排除A和D，whichever表示“无论哪一个，无论哪些”，应表示一定范围内的人或物，此处没有涉及事物的范围，所以应选 Bwhatever，表示“无论什么”。6. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who答案C。本题句子的意思是：无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句，连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于any person who或The person who, 意为“一切的人”。而anyone和the person均非连词，不能引导从句，况who leaves the room last意为“某个最后离开房间的人”，与题意不符，如果要选A. Anyone或B. The person，都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. (Shanghai1995)A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who答案为C。本题句子的意思是：Sarah希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，所以whomever也不行。8. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)A. why B. what C. when D. where 答案A。根据语境，甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因，故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境，下句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗？”9. I still remember _ this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993)A. when B. how C. where D. what 答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语，排除Dwhat，而答案C, D均与题意不符，所以应选Awhen。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态，本句的意思是“我仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。”10I read about it in some book or other，does it matter _ it was？（2001春季招生）Awhere Bwhat Chow Dwhich 答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析，应是哪本书，所以要填which，这句话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容，是哪一本书重要吗？”。11. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C when D. as (2001年上海)答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导，接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后，用来解释或说明名词的内容。12. I think it is going to be a big problem.Yes, it could be.I wonder _ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)A、if B、how C、what D、that答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句，而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词，可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分，我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that，再排除引导方式状语的how，答案是C，句子的意思是“我们能就此做些什么”。十一、专项考点练习1. _that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says答案A：句型It is said that+主语从句。类似的还有It is believed thatetc2. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 答案A：观察此从句中缺少主语，而能在主语从句中即充当主语成分又引导的就只有what了3. It worried Mary a lot _ she would pass the college entrance examination. A. whether B. if C. that D. how 4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isnt like _ it used to be . A .what B. how C. that D. which 5. _ is no possibility _ Bob will win the first prize in the match. A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether 6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before. A .that B. how C .what D. where 7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _ up to be during the past few years. A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had grown 8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _.A. how she is getting along B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along9. _surprised me most was _such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A. That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what10. These wild flowers are so special I would do _ I can to save them. A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever11. _ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person 12. Eat _ you like and leave the others for _ comes in late. A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever 13. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that 14. It was _ he said _ disappointed me. A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That;what 15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _to the front.A. should send B. must be sent C. should be sent D. must go16. The true value of life is not in _, but _.A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be put off18. Go and get your coatIts _ you left itA. where B. there C. here where D. where there 19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 20. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited Keys:1-5 A A A A A 6-10 C D A B A 11-15 C C A A C 16-20 B A A C B主语从句主语从句(Subject Clause)定义:在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句.第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Whose watch was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小结:（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外,如例9第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11. 主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法，介绍：） 一主语从句主语从句定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) it is 形容词从句It is natural that很自然It is strange that奇怪的是(3) it 不及物动词从句It seems that似乎It happened that碰巧(4) it is过去分词从句It is reported that据报道It has been proved that已证实3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如：What you said yesterday is right. 二：宾语从句的几个特征：1、引导词：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere 2语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。如：I think that you must work harder. 宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。(1)表达时间的几个句型：一般用when或者是what time：What time will the train leave? 由于时刻都是固定的，也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时：What time does the train leave? (2)时间的表达方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes) (3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求，建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式，因为语气太重：You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地点I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等，不要习惯以前的问法，这样很不礼貌，而是要采访上面的问法。以前的习惯是：how old are you? whats your name? (6)修饰名词的代词次序：限-描-大-形-年-颜-籍-物-类+名词：this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge 补充：从句的语序永远是陈述句。状语从句（Adverbial Clause）状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。状语从句的种类状语从句可分为：1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison)8.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 9.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of resu