直接引语和间接引语.docVIP

直接引语和间接引语的讲解概念：引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出叫做直接引语用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要用引号标出叫做间接引语。引用别人的话一般有两种方式（1）直接引语（Direct Speech）：当我们引用别人的话语时，若引用的是原话，被引用的部分叫直接引语。（2）间接引语（Indirect Speech）：当我们引用别人的话语时，也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来，这种转述的别人说话的部分叫做间接引语。间接引语在许多情况下构成宾语从句。典型例句：1. She said ,” I like English very much. “（她说：“我非常喜欢英语”。）（直接引语）典型例句：2. She said she liked English very much. （她说她非常喜欢英语。）（间接引语） 3.“I want to buy a house in the country.” Jack said.(直接引语)4.Jack said that he wanted to buy a house in the country.(间接引语)5.Mr. Black said, “Im busy.”（直接引语）6.Mr. Black said that he was busy.（宾语从句是间接引语）从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下：一、直接引语变间接引语的五点变化1. 时态的变化直接引语变间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个时态直接引语中的时态间接引语中的时态一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时、现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时shallshouldshouldshould（不变）willwouldwouldwould（不变）maymightmightmight（不变）cancouldcouldcould（不变）ought toought to（不变）had betterhad better（不变）musthad to例1）She said ,” I like maths very much.” (一般现在时) She said that she liked maths very much. (一般过去时)例2）He said, “ Ive never seen this man .” （现在完成时） He said that he had never seen that man. （过去完成时）例3）Joe said ,” Im listening to music in my room.” （现在进行时） Joe said that he was listening to music in his room. （过去进行时）例4）Jim said, “I can speak Chinese.”Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 重要提示1 ：当直接引语表示一般真理或客观事实时，转化为间接引语时时态不变，并且要使用一般现在时。 例1）He asked, “ which star is the biggest ?” He asked which star is the biggest .例2) The teacher told us ,”The earth goes around the sun.” The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun. 例3） He said, “The sun rises in the east.” He said that the sun rises in the east. 重要提示2：当直接引语有特定过去时间状语，变为间接引语时时态不变。例1）Chloe said,” The story took place in the 1930s.” Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s. 例2）He said, “ was born in 1988.” He said that he was born in 1988. 重要提示3：主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变例：He says, “I finished the work.”He says that he finished the work. He will say, “I have watered the flowers.” He will say he has watered the flowers.He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.He said, “Im using the knife.”He said that he was using the knife.She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”She said that she had not heard from him since May. He said，“I came to help you.”He said that he had come to help me.He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.Zhou Lan said, “Ill do it after class.”Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”He said that he should be doing his homework then.He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”He said that they should have finished the work by that time.2. 时间状语的变化直接引语中的时间状语间接引语中的时间状语todaythat day 当天yesterdaythe day before 前一天tomorrowthe next day/ the following day 第二天next week/month/yearthe next week/month/yearlast week/month/yearthe week/month/yearbeforeagobeforethree/four/years agothree/four/years beforein 2008in 2008 (不变)nowthen 那时so farby thentonight that nightthis monththat monthso farby thenthe day before yesterday 前天two days before 两天前the day after tomorrow 后天in two days time/ two days after 两天后例1）He said, “Im very busy now.” He said that he was very busy then. 例2）He said, “I want to leave today.” He said that he wanted to leave that day. 例3）He said, “She left yesterday.” He said that she had left the day before. 例4）She said, “Ill tell you tomorrow.” She said that she would tell me the next day. 以上变化有时应视情况而定若1）在当时转述，now不必改为then；2）若在当天转述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改为that day, the day before, the next day等3）若在当周转述，this week, last week 不必改为that week, the last week4）若在当年转述，this year, last year 不必改为that year, the last year等。3. 代词的变化：在直接引语变为间接引语时，有些代词也要作相应的变化，如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整heretherethisthatthesethose例1）He said, “This is my seat.”He said that that was his seat. 例2）“I can look after myself.” she said. She said that she could look after herself. 注意：若场所和地点不发生改变，this和that也可以不变。直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。例：He said , “I like it very much.” He said that he liked it very much. (I改为he, it不变)He said, “You told me this story.” He said that I had told him that story. (You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)4. 地点状语的变化主要涉及的地点状语是here，它在间接引语中通常要变为there：“I live here now.” he said. He said that he lived there then. 若在当地转述，则here也可不必改为there。5. 动词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，有个别动词也可能需要改变，主要是表示方向性的动词bringtake, comego 例1）“He will come today.” she said. She said that he would go that day. 若地点和场所未发生改变，come和bring等也可不变。例1）My sister asked me ,”Could you bring the chairs upstairs ?” My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.二、直接引语与间接引语的转化1. 直接引语为陈述句时如何变为间接引语方法是：将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that也可省略)：直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化，其中人称的变化与汉语的变化是一致的。例1）“I dont love her.” he says. He says that he doesnt love her. 注：(1)若引述动词用的是say to sb，则通常改为tell sb：例2）“Its a secret.” he said to me. He told me that it was a secret. 注：(2)若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that：例3）He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 在此种情况下，引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略，以免误解。 例4）John said, “Ive been late again.” John said that he had been late again.例5）She said ,”We are very fond of sports.” She said that they were very fond of sports.2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时如何变为间接引语方法是：一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，将直接引语变为由连词if或whether引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didnt know等。间接引语的宾语从句中，引导词之后都必须使用陈述语序，即 “引导词+主语+谓语，肯定式的宾语从句不用助动词do(did或does) 句末不用问号。巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them, us等。例1） She said, “Is your father an engineer?” She asked me whether my father was an engineer.例2） The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework?” The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.例3）My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music ?” My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music.例4）“Are you ill?” he asked. He asked if whether I was ill. 注：(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2)若直接引语引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等。3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时如何变为间接引语方法是：将直接引语变为由“特殊疑问词”作为连词引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：例1）He asked, “When did she leave?”He asked when she had left. 注：(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2)若直接引语引述动词为say，改成间接引语主句谓语动词应将其改为ask等。 例2）He asked, “How do you like it ?” He asked me how I liked it. 例3）She asked me, “Whats the matter with you?” She asked me what was the matter with me.例4）”How many books do you have?” she asked. She asked me how many books I had. 如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what, where, when, who, how many作为连接词 将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。巧记：直接去引号，陈述语序莫忘掉。助动do(does)、did，要去掉。例：“What do you do every Sunday morning?”my friend said to me. My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. “Where have you been, Li Ming?”the teacher asked. The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been. I asked her, “How many English books will you read next term?”I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.“When did you get up this morning?”asked my father.My father asked me when I had got up that morning. 注意： 直接引语里是：Whats wrong with?/Whats the matter? /Whats the trouble?/What has happened?等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。例：He said to her“Whats the matter with you?” He asked her what was the matter with her. 4. 直接引语为祈使句时如何变为间接引语方法是：1直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词，句中please去掉使用ask tell, order sb to do sth这一结构进行转换，若祈使句为否定式，则用ask tell, order sb not to do sth，其中ask, tell, order的选择视句子的语气而定： 例1）She said to me, “Please have a rest. “ She asked me to have a rest.例2）“Dont all answer at once”, she said to the pupils. She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 2带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。 例1）”Lets go for a walk”, said the girl. The girl suggested going for a walk. 例2）The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.” The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.例3）“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. He told Jim to come early the next day. 例4）“Dont be late again, Mary.” he said. He told Mary not to be late again. 注：(1)除动词ask, tell, order外，有时也可能用其他动词例5）“Dont go out at night, Jim.” he said. He warned Jim not to go out at night. 注：(2)若祈使句中没有呼语，应根据句意给动词ask, tell, order等补上适当的宾语：例6）“Watch carefully.” he said. He told us to watch carefully. 巧记：去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。 转述祈使句时，要使祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell、 ask、order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一词,改为间接引语时，就将please去掉。成为：told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (not)to do something结构。例1：He said,“Sit down, please.” He asked me to sit down. The teacher said, “Dont talk in class! ” The teacher told us not to talk in class!例2The captain said to his men,“Fire! ”The captain ordered his men to fire.例3The policeman said to the children,“Dont play football in the middle of the street.” The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street. 5. 直接引语为反意疑问句时如何变为间接引语方法是：反意疑问句转述为间接引语时，要把它看成是一般疑问句，即句型为陈述句，在句子前面加if或whether，往往后面还要加上or not，常用whetheror not. 例1）She cried, ”You have made a big mistake, havent you ?” She cried whether I had made a big mistake or not.6直接引语为否定的一般疑问句和选择问句时如何变为间接引语 方法是： 如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whetheror not连接。 例1）She said, Dont you know my telephone number She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 例2）Do you like this one or that one Tom asked. Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one.7. 直接引语为感叹句时如何变为间接引语 方法是：1直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。 例1）”What a clever boy you are!” My teacher said to him. My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 例2）She said,” How interesting the film is !” She said that how interesting the film was. 2有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。例1） “Help! “he cried. He called for help. 例2）”Happy Christmas!” he said. He wished me a happy Christmas. 8. “Would you please ? “ 如何变为间接引语 “ Would you please ? “虽然是个一般疑问句，但它表示的是”请求”,变为间接引语时，一般用动词不定式来表示。 句型：主语+ ask / invite +宾语+不定式 例1）”Would you please have lunch with me tomorrow ?” Mr Zhou asked me. Mr Zhou asked / invited me to have lunch with him the next day.9. 直接引语变间接引语的非正常方法有时直接引语变为间接引语时，可根据具体的语境选用某种特定的方式，而不拘泥于以上通常方法：例1）“You had better hurry, Bill.” he said. He advised Bill to hurry. 例2）“Shall we meet at two?” he said. He suggested meeting at two. 例3）“Shall I do it for you?” he asked. He offered to do it for me. 例4）“Could you help us?” he said. He asked me to help them. 注意：有些直接引语比较特殊，不太适宜用以上方法变间接引语，也应根据句意选用恰当的表达方式：例5）“Thank you.” he said. He thanked me. 例6）“Good luck.” he said. He wished me good luck. 例7）He said, “Liar.”He called me a liar. 一、人称人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人 称要按照主句中主语的人称变化， 例）She said. “My brother wants to go with me.” She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人“你”所修饰，从 句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称，如： 例）He said to Kate，How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰 从句中的人称一般不需要变化，如： 例）Mr. Smith said，“Jack is a good worker.”Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、时态直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和我们刚刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致，也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。如果从句是过去时，主句要向后退一格时态，变成一种过去时。1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” She said she had lost a pen. （现在完成 过去完成）2. She said. “We hope so.” She said they hoped so. (一般现在一般过去)3. She said,“He will go to see his friend。”She said he would go to see his friend. (一般将来 过去将来)但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。 Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Xiao Wang said，“I was born on April 20, 1980.” Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, “I get up at six every morning.” He said he gets up at six every morning.