名词和名词词组属格.doc

湖南第一师范学院外语系课程教案第7页 课 题Grammar Hierarchy授课时数2授课类型Lecture教 学目 的1.To know the hierarchy of grammar2. To know the usages of each grammar hierarchy教 学重 点Different usages of each grammar hierarchy教 学难 点The free usages of each grammar hierarchy主要知识语言点1. definition of Grammar2. basic usages of each grammar hierarchy3. morpheme4. word5. phrase6. clause 7. sentence教 学 过 程学时分配教 学 过 程学时分配Step 1 Leading inStep 2* Definition of GRAMMARGRAMMAR:the structural system of a language.the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics) * Five RanksThe grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word, the morphemeDiagram of the five ranks: Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank:A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents-the morphemes.0.1 Morphemes 1.Definition:l the minimum or smallest grammatical unitl the smallest meaningful element of speech.2.Classification: Two categories: Free Morphemes; Bound Morphemes. 1) Free Morphemes 1.Definition:l has a complete meaningl can stand by itself as a Simple Wordl can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speechl Can form Compound Wordsl Can form Derivatives2) Bound Morphemesl are mostly affixesl also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other forml cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an Inflectional or Derivational Affix.l Inflectional Affixl -s (genitive case)l -s/-es (plural nouns)l -s/-es (the third person singular verbs in simple present)l -ed (past tense verbs)l -ing, -ed (-ing participle, -ed participle form of verbs)l -er, -est (comparative, superlative degree of adjectives/ adverbs)Derivational Affixl Prefix, Suffix l (Prefix) + Root + (suffix)l co-exist existence co-existence 3) Allomorphs Definition:l The variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs.Explanation:l the same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological or orthographical forms.Examples:In Orthography:l in- im- il- ir-l inactive immature illegal irrationall incoherent immortal illogical irregularl inexperienced imperfect illegible irrelevantIn phonology: -s cats dogs houses0.2 Words l is composed of one or more than one morpheme.l can be classified in two ways:l in terms of word-formation grammatical function In terms of Word-formationa) Simple Wordb) Derivativec) Compound Worda) Simple Word:also called Morpheme Word (free morpheme)b) Derivative:Structure: (prefix) + root +(suffix) :c) Compound Word Structure: Free Morpheme + Free Morpheme Classification:Compound NounCompound AdjectiveCompound VerbCompound AdverbCompound PronounCompound ConjunctionCompound PrepositionIn terms of grammatical function Closed-class words & Open-class words. Closed-class words Definition: Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are closed or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional members. Scope:All the Function Words: Preposition, Pronoun, Determiner, Conjunction, Auxiliary Open-class WordsDefinition: Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being created and old items are giving place to new ones.Scope:All the Content Words: Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Main VerbNOTE: Cardinal Numeral, Ordinal Numeral and Interjection are between closed and open0.3 PhrasesDefinition:l is composed of one or more than one word. l is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key Word as its Head. l The word class of the Head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.Word Class of Phrase : Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase1) The Noun Phrase: Structure: (Determiner) + (Pre-Modifier) + Noun + (Post-Modifier) all the college studentsHis new book on phonologyMilton lived in the 17th century.The authors new novel that will soon come out2) The Verb Phrase: Simple Verb Phrase:Structure:(Modifier) + Main Verb + (Modifier) She looks pale.We utterly detested him. Complex Verb Phrase:Structure: Auxiliary /Auxiliaries + Main Verb + (Modifier)It is getting darkShe ought to have told him about it.Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.Finite Verb Phrase:A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb form that changes according to Tense or Subject.Non-finite Verb Phrase:A non-finite verb phrase is initiated by a non-finite form, that is, a verb form that does not change according to Tense or Subject.Point out finite and non- finite verb phrases:Having seen the film, we had a discussion.Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is invaluable.Tired from studying all afternoon, she went for a walk. Opening the book slowly and tentatively, she began to read. 3) The Adjective Phrase:Structure: (Modifier) + Adjective + (Post modifier / Complementation)The course is pretty difficult.Ill be glad to help you repair the car if you show me whats wrong.4) The Adverb Phrase:Structure: (Modifier) + Adverb + (post Modifier)He spoke loudly and clearly.5) The Prepositional Phrase:Structure: (Modifier) + Preposition + ComplementationThe weather has been fine except in the north.Now their footsteps could be heard directly above my head.We are collecting money for the benefit of some orphans.0.4 Clauses: is composed of one or more than one phrase. A full-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrase and logically a construction of “Subject + Predicate”.The producers are able to supply a small part of our needs. NP VP NP Subject Verb Object Subject Predicate Clause SentenceClassification:1) In terms of grammatical function: Independent clause (IC)Dependent clause (DC)Quiz:I went to the store. I didnt buy any bread.I went to the store; I didnt buy any bread.I went to the store, but I didnt buy any bread.I went to the store; however, I didnt buy any bread.When I went to the store, I didnt buy any bread.I didnt buy any bread when I went to the store.2) Simple and Complex ClausesIn terms of the “Subject + Predicate” construction: Simple ClauseComplex ClauseExamples:It is not true.What you said is not true.He said that it was not true.He complained that what you said was not true.3) Main and Subordinate Clausesl In a complex clause, the clause that takes another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is a subordinate clause.Example:4) Finite and Non-finite Clausesl In terms of verb phrase type:l Finite Clause: Non-finite Clause:Quiz: Finite or Nonfinite?5) Verbless clausesl is marked by the absence of any form of verb elementl is just a construction of “subject + predicate” without any form of verb element.l Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned.l Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement.0.5 SentencesFeatures:l the highest ra