专项练习-非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词与独立主格结构非谓语动词1.概念：是动词的非谓语形式，在句中不可单独作谓语，且不受主语人称和数的限制。一个完整的句子一般只有一个谓语动词，却可以有一个或多个非谓语动词，譬如：After waiting some time at the bus-stop, a foreigner wearing a blue shirt went across the street to buy a newspaper. 谓语动词只起动词的作用，非谓语动词却同时起两种作用,如，waiting ：v+n; wearing: v+adj; to buy: v+adv.谓语动词必须有主语，非谓语动词可以没有主语，如，Swimming is a good sport. /Its good to work.。2. 类别：不定式，-ing分词，-ed分词一、不定式1. 不定式做主语1）位于句首To know the basic rules is very important.To know everything is to know nothing.2) 由It作形式主语，系动词be或其他动词连接It is a great pleasure to introduce Mr. Hu to you.It is important for us to tell the truth.It took us five days to finish the task.It made me happy to find you there.2. 不定式做主语补语1）主语和补语都是不定式，一个表条件，一个表结果。To see is to believe.To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.2) 主语是以抽象名词，如：aim, mistake, ambition, duty, idea, intention, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组，或者是以what引导的名词性分句，后面的不定式说明名词的内容。My mistake is to have written the letter.What I would suggest is to hand it in to the police.注意：如果作主语的名词性分句中有“do”，作主语补足语的不定式中的to可以省略。All you did was put the book in a wrong place.What I really want to do is burn the oil all night.The least I can do is make a conclusion about what all have reported.She can do anything but dance.3. 不定式作宾语1）只能带to的不定式作宾语的动词，如：afford, agree, aim, apply, claim, decide, determine, pretend, promise, seek, manage, offer, swear, threaten, desire, choose.2) 动词+疑问词+不定式，这类动词有：decide，learn, remember, find out, think, understand疑问词有：what, where, who, when, how, whether, whichI dont knowwhat to do/where to go/when to stop/how to get there/which one to take.3) 当做宾语的不定式有自己的补语时，先用it代替，并将不定式放在补语后面。I think it important to tell him the news.I regard it a great honor to help others.4. 不定式作宾补1）动词+宾语+不定式这类动词主要有：（1）表感官的，如：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等, 省去to.(注意：变为被动态时，要加上to)I felt someone come behind us.(2) 表使役的，如：have, let, make, ask, allow, beg, drive, encourage, expect, urge, tell, permit.(3) 表心理状态的，如：consider, believe, think, prove, know, feel, imagine, suppose.We consider him (to be) modest.5. 不定式作状语1）表目的He uses a typewriter to write letters.In order to make a study of the kangaroo, he came to Australia.To conceal my emotion, I buried my face in my hands. 2）表结果So as to,/suchas to./, enough to./,only to./.tooto等结构中的不定式表结果。The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.His indifference is such as to make one despair.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.The tea is too hot to drink.3）表原因He pretended to be happy to know her.She seemed surprised to meet us.4）表条件To listen to him, you should have patience.To visit him, you should first call him.6. 不定式作定语位于被修饰的名词中心词后,有主谓关系/动宾关系/同位关系Mr. White is the first to come.The next student to sign his name was George. This is the house for us to live in.The old man needs a person to talk with.The general give an order to retreat.二、-ing分词-ing分词包括动名词和现在分词，动名词=动词+名词，现在分词=动词+形容词，现在分词与所修饰的名词有主谓或动宾关系，表示动作是由名词发出来的，重音通常在名词上；动名词则没有这种关系，表示被修饰的名词的性质，性能，重音在动名词上，如：a sleeping baby(=a baby that is sleeping), a sleeping car(=a car that is used for sleeping)；working people, working clothes1. 作主语1）把分词直接放在句首Seeing is believing.Travelling abroad is very exciting.2）it做形式主语，真正的动名词主语结构放在后面It is no good complaining all the time.It is no use crying over split milk.It is a waste of time discussing such matters.2. 作表语The main thing is getting there in time.His hobby is collecting stamps.The story is very interesting.3.作定语A singing bird, reading material, teaching methods.He asked an embarrassing question.4.作宾语1）做动宾这类动词有：admit, advise, allow, finish, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, defer, facilitate, evade, excuse, enjoy, escape, postpone, risk, dislike, imagine, resist, acknowledge, favour, suggest.2) 做介宾这类动词主要有：give up, put off, keep on，object to, be interested in, have experience in, be afraid of 等He has a strong objection to leaving early.5. 作状语-ing分词可作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语、结果状语、伴随状语等，逻辑主语与主句主语保持一致。Opening the door, I saw nobody in.Knowing English well, he can read Shakespear.Working still harder, you will succeed.Being sick I stayed at home.The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.6.时态被动语态及及否定式1）完成时态：having+-edAllen denied having been there.2) 被动态：being+-ed/ having been+-edRespecting others means being respected.After having been interviewed, she was offered the job.3）否定式：not +v/having+-ed/ being +-ed/ having been+-edNot seeing John, I asked where he was.Not being seen by anyone, he escaped.Not having done it right, I tried again.7. 动名词的复合结构名词所有格或物主代词+动名词构成复合结构，他们是动名词的逻辑主语，在句中作主语或宾语。Its no use your trying to deceive me.Sophias having seen them did not surprise us.Excuse my interrupting you. They deferred Mr. Jacksons attending the international conference.8. 需要补充的几点1）在need, want, require, deserve后，通常用-ing分词的主动形式表被动，也可用不定式的被动形式。The desk needs cleaning.2) 在remember, forget, regret 后用-ing和to的不同。前者指先于谓语动词的动作，后者指后于谓语动词的动作。I remember posting the letter.I remembered to post the letter.3) 在try, cannot help, mean, stop（leave off）, go on后用-ing与to涵义的不同。Try to do(尽力做)，try doing(试着做)Mean to do（打算做），mean doing(意味着)Stop to do(停下来做别的)，stop doing(停止做) Go on to do(干别的)，go on doing(继续做)Cant help doing(禁不住去做)，cant help to do(不能帮助干)三、-ed分词1. 作主语和宾语The+-ed分词表示这一类或具有这种状态的人或物，如：the disabled, the accused, the oppressed, the wounded, the inexperienced.The wounded is a thief.They have set the accused free.2. 作表语（或主语补足语）用语主系表结构，表主语所处的状态The door is(remains) locked.I stayed calmed.I am convinced of his innocence.3. 作定语1）既可以前置，也可后置，前置表完成，后置表被动。The injured soldier was carried to hospital.The method used is very efficient.This is a used bike.The information given by you is very important.The work must be done within the given time.2) 不可用very来修饰-ed分词，但可以用very much, greatly, well, completely等强调副词来修饰。Its a well/ half finished job.The window is completely closed.4. 作状语与-ing分词一样，相当于状语分句，表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等，逻辑主语通常是主句的主语。Heated, water changes into steam.(时间)United, we stand; divided, we fall.（条件）Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.（让步）5. ed分词与-ing分词及不定式在复合宾语中，作宾语补足语的比较不定式表动作的全过程，-ing分词表动作的进行或重复，-ed分词表被动,这一类动词通常有感官动词，如：see, feel, hear, watch think, observe等，以及使役动词，如：make, have ,get等。I saw him go upstairs.I saw him going upstairs.We saw the sun rise.We saw the sun rising behind the trees.She saw the thief caught by policeman.I must have my hair cut.He was trying hard to make himself understood.注意：“have+宾语+现在分词”结构中的“宾语”与“现在分词”之间为主谓关系，而“have+宾语+过去分词”结构中的“宾语”与“过去分词”之间为被动关系。I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。He had us laughing all through the meal. 他弄得我们整个吃饭时间都欢笑不止。来看两个题：Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _ went wrong again.A. itB. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repairedMrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had _ went wrong again.A. itB. it repaired C. repairedD. to be repaired独立主格结构其基本结构是：逻辑主语+-ing分词/-ed分词表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等+主句结构。与分词作状语的最大区别就是保留分词的逻辑主语，逻辑主语既可以是分词动作的执行者，也可以是承受者。Weather permitting, we shall go outside at the weekend.(条件)The price of the hat is not high, considering its quality.（条件）All things considered, the novel is the best of its kind.（让步）The football match being over, the players shook hands with each other.（时间）The table set, they began to eat.(时间)Her mother having fallen ill, the girl had to do the housework.（原因）With night coming on, we came home.（伴随）There are many kinds of steel, each having its use in industry.(伴随)补充说明1. 按英语习惯，一些表示时间、地点、条件、方式、 让步等的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包含动词be, 那么可将从句的主语和动词be省略。He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _ to.A. spokenB. speakingC. speakD. be spokenYou must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old. 趁年轻时要努力学习，不然到老了你会后悔的。I wont go unless (I am) invited. 我不会去, 除非请我。Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the streets. 过马路时要注意汽车。 While (I was) waiting I was reading some old magazines. 等的时候我在看一些旧杂志。He worked very hard though (he was) still rather poor in health. 尽管身体还不好，但他仍努力工作。He will work hard wherever (he is) sent by the Party. 无论党把他派往哪里,他都会努力工作。请再看两道试题：(1) If carefully _, the experiment will be successful. A. doB. doesC. doneD. doing(2) The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. beginsB. having begunC. beginning D. begun2. 容易看走眼的非谓语动词考题如下例，是考查非谓语动词吗？If they dont understand it the first time, _ over it again until they do. A. goingB. to goC. goneD. go【分析】此题正确答案选D，其余几项均有可能被误选。空格前 if 引导的是一个条件状语从句，而在空格处无论是填A、B或C，它都是一个非谓语动词短语，而不是一个句子，这样一来，整个句子没有主句，从而导致结构不完整。若选D，则 go over it again until they do 则是一个句子(祈使句)，在此用作主语。又如：(1) If he likes to eat it, _ him some more.A. giveB. givingC. givenD. to give(2) If anyone calls, _ them Im not at home.A. tellB. tellingC. toldD. to tell(3) When your mother comes back, _ her to come to school at once.A. askB. askingC. asked D. to ask(4) While the baby is sleeping, _ your work as soon as possible. A. finishB. finishingC. finishedD. to finish答案均选A，空格前分别为 if, when, while 引导的状语从句，空格处填动词原形，构成祈使句，用作句子主语。3. 根据一致做判断Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to helpB. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhereD. she hurried to a policeman for help【分析】此题最佳答案选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等，按照英语语法，在通常情况下，非谓语动词用作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致，所以最佳答案为D。请再看几例：(1) To master a foreign language, _.A. the school needs a foreign teacherB. a good teacher is neededC. a lot of practice is neededD. one must have a lot of practice【分析】此题答案选D，因为 to master a foreign language 的逻辑主语应是 one，而不是其他。(2) _ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though to be toldC. Having toldD. He was told【分析】此题答案选A，因为根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系；另外，从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故要用 having been told 这一现在分词的完成被动式。注意不能选D，因为 He was told 与 he still didnt understand it 这两个简单句之间缺乏必要的衔接关系(参见下一题)。(3) _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he was toldC. To have been toldD. He was told【分析】此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)，又因为 though 为从属连词，用以引导让步状语从句，它与连接并列句的并列连词 but 不“兼容”，所以也不能选B。非谓语动词及独立主格结构精题训练1._ from the helicopter, the city looks very beautiful.A. Seeing B. Having seen C. Seen D. To see2. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _.A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take3. I was surprised to find his article on such an _topic so _.A. excited; boring B. exciting; bored C. exciting; boring D. excited; bored4. _, the next problem was how to make a good plan.A. Having made the decision B. Has the decision been made C. The decision having been made D. The decision has been made5. The child was sorry _his mother when he arrived at the station.A. to miss B. having missed C. missing D. to have missed6. _ a fine day, we decided to go out for a picnic. A. Having been B. Being C. What D. It being7