四级完形填空类型及技巧.doc

学英语 找长喜完形填空巅峰讲座四级完形填空文章共一篇，长度大约在220到250词之间，共包括20个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有四个选项。完形填空所占分值比例为10%，考试时间为15分钟。 Lecture 1第一讲4种常见题目类型完形填空的空白处所删去的词既有实词也有虚词，它的目的是测试考生在各个层面上的语言理解能力和语言综合运用能力。根据题目所考查的侧重点不同，完形填空可以分为以下四种题目类型：语义衔接题、惯用衔接题、逻辑衔接题、结构衔接题。不同的题目类型，选项的特点也有所不同。一、 语义衔接题语义衔接题要求考生根据上下文语义的要求，在空白处填入合适的词，使上下文语义通顺。这类题的四个选项大多是以近义词、反义词或形近词的形式出现。【例1】 （10667）【原文】Conceptually, ecommerce does not 67 from wellknown commercial offerings such as banking by phone, “mail order” catalogs, or sending a purchase order to a supplier 68 fax. Ecommerce follows the same model 69 in other business transactions; the difference 70 in the details.【选项】A distractB descendC differD derive【解析】67题选C。语义衔接题。分析句意可知，此处是将电子商务(ecommerce)与我们熟知的传统的商业形式(wellknown commercial offerings)进行比较。空格所在句的后一句提到，电子商务的交易模式与其他商业交易模式一样(follows the same model)，从语义的连贯性来看，空格所在句应该是说“从概念上来看，电子商务与传统的商业形式没有什么不同”，故答案为C differ, differ from意为“不同于”。68题答案为via；69题答案为used；70题答案为lies。二、 惯用衔接题 惯用衔接题要求考生根据某些习惯搭配或固定句式的要求，在空白处填入合适的词，使前后形成合理的搭配关系。【例2】 （091274）【原文】“73 needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources 74 young people cannot meet the new 75,” says the reports author, Professor Stephen McNair. 【选项】A atB byC inD on【解析】74题选D。惯用衔接题。分析句子结构可知，空格前的中心词是concentration，而该词通常与介词on搭配使用，意为“注意，关注”，故答案为D。73题答案为Learning；75题答案为needs。三、 逻辑衔接题 逻辑衔接题要求考生根据上下文因果、转折、并列等逻辑关系的要求，在空白处填入正确的衔接词语，使上下文形成合理的逻辑衔接。这类题的选项多为because, however, so, or等逻辑关系衔接词。【例3】 （09674）【原文】Last year sales fell 67 percent, 76 percent 74 you dont count the minicar market.【选项】A unlessB ifC asD after【解析】选B。逻辑衔接题。此处需要填入一个从句的引导词，将四个选项带入句中，能使此处逻辑通顺的是B if (如果)。此处是说，去年的销售额下降了6.7%，如果不算迷你车市场的话就是下降了7.6%。四、 结构衔接题 结构衔接题要求考生根据上下文语法结构的需要，在空白处填入合适的词，使句子的语法结构完整。这类题的选项多为引导从句的关系代词或关系副词。经常涉及到的语法结构有名词性从句、定语从句、强调句型、虚拟语气、倒装等。另外，除了在题目中直接考查对语法结构的掌握以外，完形填空的所有题目都贯穿着对考生理解句子语法结构能力的考查。【例4】 （081284）【原文】It caused them to think about 84 they might control the experiences of children to【选项】A whatB how C whateverD however【解析】选B。结构衔接题。分析句子结构可知，所填词应能引导宾语从句，且不在从句中充当主语和宾语，所以可将答案限定在B how和D however中。但D however作连词时，通常引导让步状语从句，而且其后需要跟形容词或副词，这明显不符合本句语法要求。本题答案应为B how，用在句中表明control the的方式。即讲即练 Exercise 1 There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born 1. Human brains differ considerably, 2 being more capable than others.3 no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence 4 he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what 5 to the individual the sort of environment in which he is brought 6. If an individual is handicapped 7, it is likely that his brain will 8 to develop and he will 9 attain the level of intelligence of which he is 10.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be 11 by the case of the 12 twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in 13 foster (寄养) homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in a(n) 14 community with poor educational opportunities. John,15, was educated in the home of welltodo parents who had been to college. This environmental 16 continued until the twins were 17 their late teens, 18 they were given tests to 19 their intelligence. Johns IQ was 125, twentyfive points higher than the 20 and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.1.A forB byC withD in2.A most B someC manyD few3.A ButB ForC StillD And4.A ifB thoughC as D unless5.A refersB appliesC happensD concerns6.A about B up C forwardD forth7.A relatively B intelligently C regularlyD environmentally8.A failB helpC manageD stop9.A everB never C evenD nearly10.A ableB capable C availableD acceptable11.A demonstratedB indicated C releasedD revealed12.A identical B diverse C parallelD similar13.A separateB independent C remote D individual14.A omittedB isolated C enclosedD occupied15.A moreoverB furthermore C thereforeD however16. A exceptionB division C difference D alteration17. A inB byC atD for18. A whileB since C whenD because19. A estimateB count C decideD measure20. A averageB common C usualD ordinaryExercise 2 Everyone wants to be healthy and happy. 1, illness or accidents may occur without any 2. Frequently the person who is 3 can be cared for at home if there is someone 4 of looking after him under the doctors 5. Sometimes arrangements can be6 for a visiting nurse to give the necessary 7 once a day, or often, if necessary. The responsible one in the home 8 on with the rest of the care during the 9 between the nurses visits. The rapid diagnosis and immediate treatment 10 the spot of an accident or 11 illness, while awaiting the arrival of doctors, is called the first aid and quite 12 from the home nursing. When illness does come, the whole family is 13. Many adjustments have to be made 14 the family routine neednt be 15 completely. Often it can be rearranged with home duties simplified to save time and energy, thus reducing 16 on the family. The 17 responsibility for giving nursing care is usually 18 by one person, frequently the mother. 19, in order that she may have some much needed rest, or in 20 she herself is ill, other members of the family should learn how to help when sickness occurs.1.A OccasionallyB Unfortunately C MiserablyD Naturally2.A reasonB notice C warningD signal3.A weakB patientC illD guilty4.A suitableB appropriateC capableD indispensable5.A introductionB requirement C decisionD direction6.A doneB made C placedD performed7.A entertainment B cureC careD training8.A worksB carriesC looksD depends9.A breakB gapC intervalD course10.A onB inC atD from11.A immediateB suddenC instantD gradual12.A similarB distinct C urgent D separate13.A inclinedB related C affectedD effected14.A andB butC orD thus15.A puzzledB confused C troubledD disturbed16.A strainB worry C painD trouble17.A jointB overall C intensiveD extensive18.A confirmed B ensuredC assumedD concerned19.A Therefore B Moreover C FurthermoreD However20.A factB caseC resultD contrast【答案与解析】 Exercise 1 【文章大意】 本文主要谈到影响一个人智力发展的两个因素：大脑和成长的环境，其中环境因素对智力的发展起着更为重要的作用。文章最后通过一对双胞胎Peter 和 John的生活经历证明了这种观点的正确性。1【解析】选C。惯用衔接题。第一段第四句中的how good a brain he has to begin with提示本句中的born 1应与begin with（生来带有）同义，选项中只有C with与born搭配，能表示“生来具有”的含义，故为答案。2【解析】选B。惯用衔接题。本句的关键词是others，泛指他人或他物，通常和some搭配成some, others，故答案为B some。3【解析】选A。逻辑衔接题。本段前两句是说与生俱来的brain是否聪明直接影响一个人的intelligence，也就是说brain的聪明与否与intelligence的程度成正比。而本句大意则是即使good brain也可能有low order of intelligence，也就是说brain的聪明与否不一定与intelligence的程度成正比,与前面表述内容相反，故答案为A But。4【解析】选D。逻辑衔接题。由四个选项和句子结构可知，此处要填一个连词。将四个选项分别带入原文可知，只有D unless最符合句意，表明只有在拥有学习机会的前提下，大脑的水平才与intelligence成正比。5【解析】选C。语义衔接题兼惯用衔接题。所填词应能与介词to构成合理搭配，故可首先排除D concerns。其他三个选项都可以与to搭配，其中A refers，refer to意为“谈到，打听”；Bapplies，apply to意为“应用于，申请”；C happens，happen to意为“发生在身上”。将这三个选项依次带入原文中，最符合句意的为C happens。6【解析】选B。惯用衔接题。由上题的分析可知，本句所表达的意思是影响人的智力的因素与人的成长环境有关。选项中的副词与brought搭配，表示“成长”含义的只有B up，故为答案。bring up“教养，抚养大”；bring about“引起，实现，造成”；bring forward“提出，提前”；bring forth“引起，提出”。7【解析】选D。语义衔接题。上句中的environment提示此处要表达的是如果环境不利，人的智力发展也会受到阻碍，故答案为D environmentally。8【解析】选A。语义衔接题。句中的handicapped提示8to develop的大意应为“发展的不好”，选项中的动词只有A fail最符合句意，故为答案。stop to develop意为“停下来发展”，不符合句意，故可排除D stop。9【解析】选B。语义衔接题。结合第8小题以及句中的handicapped可知，所填词应表达消极含义，备选项中符合此要求的为B never。10【解析】选B。惯用衔接题。空格位于修饰intelligence的定语从句中，应能与介词of构成合理搭配，备选项中符合此要求的为B capable。be capable of表示“能够”，主句意思是“他将永远也达不到他本来能够达到的智力水平”。11【解析】选A。语义衔接题。由下文可知，Peter和John的事例是用来证明the importance of environment（环境的重要性）的，也就是说the importance of environment可以通过Peter和John的事例来证明，选项中含有“证明”含义的只有A demonstrated。12【解析】选A。语义衔接题。由本文末尾的his identical brother可知，所填词应是identical的原词复现或近义复现，选项中符合要求的只有A identical。identical twins意为“同卵双生双胞胎”。13【解析】选A。语义衔接题。此处是说这对双胞胎被寄养在什么样的家庭里。下文指出，Peter被一对低智力的父母抚养，而John 的养父母却很有钱，也受过很好的教育，由此可知，他们俩人的寄养家庭是不一样的，选项中只有A separate符合句意，故为答案。14【解析】选B。语义衔接题。由本句话可知，Peter的养父母没有受过什么教育，他们的智力水平也不高，因此可以判断他们的社会圈子也应该是相对封闭的，故答案为B isolated。15【解析】选D。逻辑衔接题。本句中的who had been to college与上句中parents of low intelligence之间存在对比关系，故所填词应表示前后两个句子在语义上存在转折关系，答案为D however。16【解析】选C。语义衔接题。分析整个句子可知，This environmental 16应是对Peter和John的成长环境的概括。根据前两句可知，Peter和John的成长环境不同，故答案为C difference。17【解析】选A。惯用衔接题。由their late teens可知，此处意指“从13到19岁这个年龄段”，表示一段时间，备选项中的介词只有A in符合句意，故为答案。18【解析】选C。逻辑衔接题。分析句子结构可知，所填词所在的句子作17their late teens的后置定语。根据上题可知，17their late teens为时间状语，修饰时间的定语从句通常由when引导，故答案为C when。19【解析】选D。语义衔接题。根据所填词前后的tests和intelligence可知，此句意思是“用测验的方法来估量他们的智力水平”，选项中只有measure指根据一定的标准来测量物体的长度、宽度、数量等，或根据事物的发展来仔细估量可能的结果，故答案为D measure。20【解析】选A。语义衔接题。并列连词and前后的结构相同,twentyfive points higher than对应forty points higher than,由此可知the20应对应his identical brother,表示一类人。选项中只有A average符合句意，说明John的智商比一般人的智商平均数要高，故为答案。Exercise 2 【文章大意】 本文的主要内容是关于家庭成员生病，其家人应如何分配照顾任务。在有家人照料的情况下，病人可以在家安静休养，这难免会影响家人，但原有的家庭生活秩序不一定会被完全打乱。另一方面，由于负责护理的家人也需要充足的休息时间，甚至还会生病，因此病人的其他家属也要做好充分的准备。1【解析】选B。语义衔接题。前一句话指出人人都希望healthy and happy，本句则说illness or accidents会发生。两句明显具有对比转折的意味，所以所填词应表达消极含义，故答案为B Unfortunately。C Miserably意为“悲惨地”，尽管也表达消极含义，但缺乏与上句对比的意味，不大符合本句语境。2【解析】选C。语义衔接题。将四个选项分别带入原文中可知，C warning“预兆”最符合句意。本句大意为“疾病或事故往往是在没有预兆的情况下发生的。”3【解析】选C。语义衔接题。根据本句的谓语can be cared for以及第二句中的illness可知，所填词应是它的近义复现，故答案为C ill。4【解析】选C。惯用衔接题。此处考查的是beof doing sth.结构。四个选项中只有C capable能与介词of连用，意为“能够”，故为答案。A suitable和B appropriate常与介词to或 for连用；D indispensable常与介词to连用。5【解析】选D。语义衔接题。根据常识可知，如何照顾病人应采纳医生的建议。四个选项中只有D direction最符合句意。under ones direction意为“在指导下”。6【解析】选B。惯用衔接题。名词arrangements通常与动词make搭配，make arrangements表示“做安排”，故答案为B made。其他三个选项均不能与arrangements构成合理的动宾搭配。7【解析】选C。语义衔接题。紧接上一题，一个家访护士能为病人做的应该是必需的护理，下一句中出现的care提示所填词应为它的原词复现，故答案为C care。8【解析】选B。语义衔接题。四个选项均能与on搭配使用，A works，work on意为“从事于，致力于”；B carries，carry on意为“继续，完成”；C looks，look on意为“观看，旁观”；D depends，depend on意为“依赖，依靠；相信，信赖”。结合四个选项与on搭配使用时的含义可知，B carries最符合句意，故为答案。本句意为“家庭中负责照顾病人的那个成员把剩下的护理工作进行下去”。9【解析】选C。语义衔接题。由前面的during可知the 9 between the nurses visits应为一个时间段，后面的between the nurses visits表明是护士两次来访之间的时间间隔。C interval，表示时间或距离上的间隔或间距，符合本句句意，故为答案。A break，表示做某件事时中间短时间的间隙或休息；B gap，表示“间隔，间隙”时强调物体或位置的间隔、空隙，表示“差距”时常与介词between连用；D course“过程，进程”。10【解析】选A。惯用衔接题。on the spot为固定短语，意为“当场，在现场”，与主语The rapid diagnosis and immediate treatment所表现出的语境相似，故答案为A on。11【解析】选B。语义衔接题。句中的rapid，immediate及the first aid都强调突发性，所以所填词也应能强调事情的“突发性”，选项中只有B sudden符合要求，故为答案。12【解析】选B。语义衔接题兼惯用衔接题。分析本句句子结构可知，所填词所在句的主语为the rapid diagnosis and immediate treatment，很明显它与the home nursing属于不同的护理范畴，所以所填词应能表示这层含义，且与from构成合理搭配，故答案为B distinct，distinct from意为“与截然不同”。13【解析】选C。语义衔接题。本句是本段的主题句，后面的内容都是围绕这个主题展开的，由下一句Many adjustments have to be made可推断，当疾病真的来临时，整个家庭的生活都会受到影响，故答案为C affected。14【解析】选B。逻辑衔接题。由所填词所在句Many adjustments have to be madethe family routine neednt becompletely可知，have to be与neednt be之间在语义上存在转折关系，故答案为B but。15【解析】选D。语义衔接题。下句中的it指代的是the family routine，即然the family routine需要被rearranged(重新安排)，那么就说明家庭成员病了，打乱了the family routine, 所以所填词应表达“打乱”之意，D disturbed符合要求，故为答案。16【解析】选A。语义衔接题。thus提示此处所填词应与前面的time and energy相照应，且应能与介词on搭配使用，选项中只有A strain符合要求，故为答案。本句意思是简化家庭事物以节省时间和精力，有助于减轻家庭的“极度紧张”。17【解析】选B。语义衔接题。所填词修饰responsibility，由后面的mother可知，一般承担家庭护理工作的都是母亲，B overall“全部的，总的”符合句意，故为答案，其他三个选项都不能用来修饰responsibility。18【解析】选C。语义衔接题。分析句子结构可知，所填词应能与responsibility构成合理的搭配，表示“承担责任”，故答案为Cassumed。19【解析】选D。逻辑衔接题。上一句说通常是母亲照顾病人，而本句则说如果母亲自己也需要休息或母亲自己生病了，那么其他的家庭成员也应该学会帮助照顾病人。两句之间在语义上存在转折关系，故答案为D However。20【解析】选B。语义衔接题。or 提示所填词所在句前后两部分是并列关系，前一部分用in order that引导从句，后一部分中的从句只能用in case引出，表示“万一”，故答案为B case。 Lecture 2第二讲6大快速解题技巧解答完形填空的关键在于能否迅速排除干扰选项、准确找到上下文中的“照应”关系，而要想做到这一点，掌握一定的技巧和方法是十分必要的。技巧一： 利用排除法排除明显干扰选项如果不能很有把握地直接选出某一道题的答案，可以先将各选项带入空白处，利用排除法排除明显不符合句意的选项，从而缩小选择的范围。具体来讲，可以利用如下技巧：1判断所填词在句中充当什么成分，应是什么词性，从而排除干扰选项。2利用上下文的时态、语态和语气排除不符合要求的干扰选项。3利用名词的数来判断各选项是否符合句子要求。4寻找与空白处构成搭配的词语，从而排除不能与其搭配的选项。5将各选项带入空白处将句子译成汉语，排除明显不能使句子通顺的选项。【例1】 （11680）【原文】“The more we learn, the more Van Horn continues, “and how they 80 with each other to keep us healthy.”【选项】A interfereB interactC reckonD rest【解析】选B。语义衔接题。此处的词应能和空后的with搭配，故首先排除C reckon和D rest。这些元素之间应该是可以互相作用，这样才能促进人体健康，而不是互相妨碍，故排除A interfere（妨碍），因此答案为B interact（相互作用）。技巧二： 寻找固定搭配或习惯用法运用词汇间的搭配关系经常可以无需理解上下文就能直接确定答案，即使确定不了答案，也往往可以排除一些明显不符合搭配关系的选项，缩小选择范围，提高答案的准确率。【例2】 （11681）【原文】Youll automatically be 81 the right hearthealthy track if vegetables, fruits and whole grains make 82 three quarters of the food on your dinner plate.【选项】A atB ofC onD within【解析】选C。惯用衔接题。on the track为固定短语，意为“在的轨道上”，故答案为C on。82题答案为up。技巧三： 理清所在句子结构理清句子的语法结构对解答完形填空来说尤其重要，这不仅仅限于直接考查语法结构的题目，在解答那些不是针对语法结构而设置的题目时，考生也必须仔细分析每个句子的语法结构，这样才能准确理解句子的含义和上下文之间的逻辑关系。【例3】 （081286）【原文】They believed strongly that democracy depended on responsibility and that a 86 capitalist economy depended on the productivity of workers.【选项】A growingB breedingC raisingD flying【解析】选A。语义衔接题。分析句子结构可知，believed的宾语是由两个并列的that从句构成的。所填词在宾语从句中充当定语成分，修饰capitalist economy（资本主义经济）。将四个选项依次带入空格后可知，最符合句意要求的为A growing。技巧四： 寻找指代、近义等复现关系在行文过程中，词语的重复、替代等复现现象经常出现，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能在上下文中存在与其对应的指代词、同义词、近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词，甚至是原词。考生在解题时，要注意结合语境寻找到这些词语之间的有机联系。【例4】 （091273）【原文】Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society “73 needs to continue throughout life”The major 76 of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25.【选项】A IdentifyingB LearningC InstructingD Practicing【解析】73题选B。语义衔接题。由全文多次提到的learn，education等可知，本文与老年人学习有关，故答案为B Learning，该词与文中的learn构成原词复现关系，并和education构成上、下义词复现关系。技巧五： 熟悉常用逻辑关系词语完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，围绕一个话题论述，因此在行文中词语的共现现象是不可避免的。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，注意根据上下文寻找与所填词属于同一个话题的词语。常用的逻辑关系词语包括：逻辑关系常用连接词语并列and, as well as, bothand, not onlybut (also), neithernor转折but, however, whereas, while, yet, still, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, notbut, rather than 选择or, nor, or else, otherwise, eitheror递进besides, also, even, moreover, likewise, furthermore, whats more, in addition解释that is (to say), in other words时间when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, once, the moment/ day/ instant/ minute/ second, every time, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, then, meanwhile, subsequently, afterward, later比较或对比(not) asas, not soas, (not) suchas, (not) the same as, than, in contrast, on the contrary条件if, unless, providing/ provided that, as/ so long as, on condition that, suppose/ supposing that, in case, only if, if only因果because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, for, thus, so, therefore, hence, consequently, accordingly, as a result, so that, in case, for fear that, lest, in order that, so that, sothat, suchthat让步though, although, even if/ even though, as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter, whetheror技巧六： 利用文章和段落的主题句为了使考生更容易理解文章内容，出题者在设计完形填空试题时，总是保留一个完整的或是大半个完整的表达主旨的句子，而这样的句子往往位于文章的开头。因此，考生应充分利用文章开头来了解文章的主旨。另外，段落的首句也往往是该段的主题句，所以，考生也要学会利用段首句提供的信息，把握文章的结构和行文思路。即讲即练 Exercise 1 If ever you are called 1to introduce a speaker, it would be well for you to bear in 2 that you have a responsibility to do more than simply get up, recite a few facts, and then sit down. You have at least five major 3. It is really your responsibility to 4 the tone for the speaker, to establish close relationship with his audience, and 5 the audience that the speaker is a person worth 6 to. In accomplishing this broad goal, you may also be able to ease the 7 and thus relieve your speaker 8 whatever feelings of stage fright or anxiety he may be 9.You should also introduce your speakers speech topic and his 10, and in doing this you should make clear that the audience is aware of the speakers 11 in his field. Some individuals are 1.A forB inC upD on2.A heartB mind C mood D thought3.A responsibilitiesB commissions C missionD venture4.A makeB shapeC setD form5.A promiseB convince C persuadeD inform6.A attendingB listening C presentingD watching7.A tensionB pressure C strainD nervousness 8.A fromB awayC ofD out9.A enduringB encountering C retainingD experiencing10.A effortB intention C purposeD meaning11.A qualificationsB certificate so wellknown in their fields that it is only necessary to present them by name. 12, it is far better to ignore this possibility in most 13 and proceed to give some of the 14 facts concerning his educational background, his major accomplishments, and his present role in society. Most speakers are 15 to talk about their own accomplishments, and it is your job to 16 out beforehand what these accomplishments are and then tell your audience about those that seem most interesting. This requires some 17 ahead.18 you have referred to the speaker, possibly by name and title, before you formally introduce him, it is always a good idea to 19 the title or substance of his topic as 20 as his name and title near the close of your introduction.C convictionsD requirements12.A MoreoverB Unless C HoweverD Although13.A placesB occasions C surroundingsD ca