考试作文的评分原则及标准.doc

考试作文的评分原则及标准一、评分原则1作文采用总体评分法（Global Scoring），就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores），而不是按语言点错误数目扣分。2从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应该表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。既要考虑作文是否切题，是否用英语清楚而明确地表达了主题思想，也要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。3 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分，该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。二、评分标准满分为15分，阅卷标准分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分和14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准。对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。具体评分标准如下：2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误比较多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，内容丰富，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误。白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而思想无法表达，则应判为0分。另外，字数不足，也酌情扣分，如累计字数为110119扣1分，100109扣2分，9099扣3分，7079扣5分，5059扣7分，少于49扣9分。累计字数不包括题目中给出的主题句、起始句和结尾句中的字数。如果字数不少，但段落数不够，也酌情扣分。比如在要求写三段的作文中只写了一段，只能得04分；只写两段，只能得09分。大学英语考试作文常见问题在大学英语考试写作中最常见的错误有以下九个方面： 1 不审题。有的考生在着手写作时没有审题和构思的概念，看一眼标题以后提笔就写，想到一句写一句，无目的地堆砌句子，凑字数。2审题错误。有的考生在审题时出现严重错误，结果下笔千言，离题万里。3用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语遣词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。4句子逻辑关系混乱。有的考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：Our English class often told jokes. 应改为：We often tell jokes in our English class；I learn French well is very difficult. 应改为：It is very difficult for me to learn French well.5对形容词、副词的比较级、最高级和动词的各种形式分不清，乱用谓语动词。例如：“我的身体越来越差。”表达成：My health is becoming bader and bader; “6用词搭配不当。英语语言的一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in”不能写成“take much time in”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。这些就需要考生平时多多积累。7词汇量小，表达困难，拼写错误。部分考生积累的能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，只好尽量用简单词汇来表达。例如：“我的英语很好。”本可以表达成I have a good command of English. 却只能简单地表达为Im good at English. 通篇文章全都用中学词汇，分数自然不会高。8不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落间的衔接过渡自然，使表达合乎逻辑，使文章结构严谨、脉络清楚。例如：“People learn English to use it. Some learn it to study or work abroad. Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.”这个段落如采用适当关联词，改为：“People learn English for practical purposes: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English. ”则更好。9语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：(1) 分不清及物与不及物动词。例如：将“rise”和“raise”混用，将“hear”和“listen”混用，等。(2) 分不清现在分词作定语与过去分词作定语的区别。例如：将“an interesting story”和“an interested story”混淆使用；将“speaking English”和“spoken English”混淆使用，等。(3) 将名词误用为动词，将形容词误用为名词等。例如：将“success”用作动词，将“succeed”用作名词；将“difficult”用作名词，将“difficulty”用作形容词；等等。(4) 混淆可数名词与不可数名词。例如：将“很多信息”写为“many informations”，将越来越多的证据写成“more and more evidences”,等；(5) 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误也较突出。例如：在大学英语考试作文中常见到这样一些错误的用法“a English book”，“should did”，“must done”，“may can finished”，等。过渡句的分类常用的过渡词有以下十三类：1表示主次关系的过渡词表示主次关系最常用的过渡词有：first, second, third, lastly, then, next, for one thing., for another., on (the) one hand., on the other hand., in the first place., in the second place.。2表示时间顺序关系的过渡词表示时间顺序关系最常用的过渡词有：before, now, at present, recently, firstly, secondly, thirdly, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, after, afterwards, after that, after a while，in a few days, from now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, later, next, finally.。3表示递进关系的过渡词表示递进关系最常用的过渡词有：also, further, moreover, furthermore, additionally, in addition, besides, what is more (and what is more), most important of all, not only.but also (not only.but), beyond that, especially, for one thing. for another., in the first place.in the second place., on (the) one hand.on the other hand., especially, in particular.。4表示并列关系的过渡词表示并列关系最常用的过渡词有：and, or, as well as, also, not only.but also, both.and, either.or, neither.nor, too.。5表示列举关系的过渡词表示列举关系最常用的过渡词有：for example, take.for example, for instance, first, second, next, first of all, to begin with, to illustrate, such as.。6表示强调关系的过渡词表示强调关系最常用的过渡词有：above all, most important of all, in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, actually, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously.。7表示解释关系的过渡词表示解释关系最常用的过渡词有：for example, for instance, in other words, in fact, actually, namely, that is (that is to say), in this case, as has been pointed out, as I have said above.。8表示因果关系的过渡词表示因果关系最常用的过渡词有：because, because of, since, now that, as, for, for this reason, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, on the grounds of, as a result (of), result in, result from, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, therefore, thus, hence, so, so.that, such.that, .。9表示目的关系的过渡词表示目的关系最常用的过渡词有：in order to, so as to, for this treason, for this purpose, to this end, with this object, so that.。10表示转折关系的过渡词表示转折关系最常用的过渡词有：but, though, even though, despite, in spite of, while, however, or, otherwise, on the contrary, after all, of course.。11表示让步关系的过渡词表示让步关系最常用的过渡词有：although, though, even though, even if, whether.or., however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how, no matter who, no matter whom, no matter what, no matter which, no matter where, no matter when.。12表示比较、对比关系的过渡词 (1) 表示比较关系最常用的过渡词有：alike, also, and, as, just as, the same as, as do, as does, as did, as well as, both, in the same way, like, just like, likewise, similar, similarly, be similar to, too.。(2) 表示对比关系最常用的过渡词有：as opposed to, but, by contrast, compared to, compared with, different from, however, in contrast, in contrast to, less, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike .。13表示概括归纳关系最常用的过渡词表示概括归纳关系最常用的过渡词有: in a word, in one word, in short, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, all in all, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, as we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, to sum up, to conclude, according to/ in accordance with what we have discussed above, we may come to/ arrive at/ reach/ draw the conclusion that.。四级考试作文写作参考模式大学英语四级考试作文模式为：第一段一般为15至于25个单词，即2至3个句子；第二段一般为80至100个单词，即6至8个句子；第三段一般为15至25个单词，即2至3个句子；整篇文章为10至14个句子。其模式如下：3 parts3 paragraphsSentences(10-14)Words (110-150)IntroductionPresent situation/ background information/ theme-related sentence2-3 sentences15-25 wordsBodyTopic sentence; supporting details: examples; facts; evidence; statistics; physical description; personal experience6-8 sentences80-100 wordsConclusionShort summary/ prediction/ opinion/ suggestion/ preference/ solution/ recommendation/ implication/ call for action/ comments2-3 sentences15-25 words参照大学英语四级考试应试作文要求标准，大学英语四级考试应试写作提纲式作文基本模式应用参考范例如下：3 parts3 paragraphsSentences (9-15)Words (100-160)IntroductionWith the rapid development/ advance of science and technology/ modern information technology/ industry/ agriculture/ economics., more and more people realize that.1-3 sentences20-30 wordsBodyWhat are the reasons for this phenomenon? In my opinion, there are at least three reasons/ factors/ aspects that should be first considered. The most important reason is that.Secondly, .Thirdly.6-9 sentences60-100 wordsConclusionBased on what we have discussed above, we may arrive at the conclusion that.2-3 sentences20-30 words2看图表作文的基本模式应用参考举例参照大学英语四级考试作文要求，大学英语四级考试图表式作文基本模式应用参考范例如下：3 parts3 paragraphsSentences (9-15)Words (100-160)IntroductionIn accordance with the the picture (pictures, table, chart, graph, photos), we can see that.1-3 sentences20-30 wordsBodyWhat are the reasons for this phenomenon? In my opinion, there are at least three reasons/ factors/ aspects that should be first considered. The most important reason is that. Secondly, .Thirdly.6-9 sentences60-100 wordsConclusionBased on what we have discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that .2-3 sentences20-30 words大学英语考试作文的主要类型及写作技巧第一节 阐述对立观点型一、常见命题形式阐述对立观点型作文常见的命题形式是：1有（些）人认为；2也有（些）人认为；3我的看法或观点。在过去的大学英语考试作文写作中阐述对立观点型作文的出现频率是比较高的，例如：1Spring Festival Eve (CET-4 2006.12)Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Spring Festival Eve. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below（1）许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会；（2）但是有些人提出取消春节晚会；（3）我的看法。2Reading Selectively or Extensively (CET-4, 1999.06)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:（1）有人认为读书要有选择；（2）有人认为应当博览群书；（3）我的看法。3Can Money Buy Happiness? (CET-4, 1995.01) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write no less than 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:（1）有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）；（2）也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of evil）；（3）我的看法。4Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Luck? (CET-4, 1998.06)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:（1）有些人认为某些数字会带来运气；（2）也有些人认为数字与运气无关；（3）试说明你的看法。5Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? (CET-4, 2000.06)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:（1）很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是；（2）也有人持不同的意见；（3）我的看法和打算。6Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? (CET-4, 2005.12)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:（1）名校校园正成为旅游新热点；（2）校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同；（3）我认为。7Is Failure a Bad Thing? （CET-4, 1992.01）Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in no less than 100 words on the topic Is Failure a Bad Thing? You should base your composition on the following outline (give in Chinese):（1）失败是常有的事；（2）人们对失败有各种不同的态度；（3）我对失败的态度。如下表：ParagraphsMain ContentsSentences (9-12)Words (120-140)Para. 1Introduce the topic sentence expressing the main idea of the essay and the two different opinions/ views/ ideas/ arguments.2-4 sentences30-35 wordsPara. 2Put forward your opinion/ view/ idea/ argument, and explain your reason(s) for supporting your opinion/ view/ idea/ argument, or give out your reason(s) for disapproving one of the previously mentioned two opinions/ views/ ideas/ arguments.5-6 sentences60-70 wordsPara. 3Draw a conclusion to emphasize your opinion/ view/ idea/ argument or to call for action.2-3 sentences30-35 words常用句型1开头部分常用句型A number of factors could account for.However/ On the other hand, there are still many people who wont agree. They argue thatBesides/ In addition.However, others hold/ dont believe/ think that, for. It is one thing to insist that, it is quite another to show that.It would be reasonable to take the view that, but it would be foolish to claim that. Peoples views/ ideas/ opinions/ arguments on/ aboutvary from person to person. Some people think that. Somebody believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that.The advantages of B are much greater than A.The change inlargely results from the fact that. There are several causes for this phenomenon/ problem/ typical subject:There is in fact one reason for us to believe that. .When it comes to/ When talking about/ When asked about, different people will offer different views/ ideas/ opinions/ arguments/ answers. Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.2发表自己的意见常用句型A recent investigation indicates that. According to a latest study, it can be predicted. According to the statistics provided. All available evidence points to the fact that. All the facts suggest that. Although A has/ gains/ enjoys considerable/ enormous advantages/ strong points/ benefits of, it cannot compete with B in.Although I appreciate that, I cannot agree with the title statement.As a popular saying goes, everything has two sides. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that.As for me, Im firmly convinced that, for the following reasons:As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that for the following reasons:As it is described that.As for me, I am in favor of the first/ second idea. Besides, we should not neglect that.Both A and B have several points in common.But it is a pity that.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore.But things are changing from person/ time/ place/ to person/ time/ place.Compared with A, B has/ gains/ enjoys much/ considerable/ enormous advantages/ strong points/ benefits of.Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that.Contrary to/ As opposed to generally/ commonly/ widely held/ accepted belief/ idea/ opinion/ view, I think/ believe/ argue that.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.Examples given lead me/ us to conclude that. For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.For my part, I agree with the former/ latter opinion for the following reasons:History provides us with the examples of. However, the same is not applicable to.I agree with the above statement because I believe that.I am always amazed when I heard people saying that. I believe that the title statement is valid because (of).In my opinion, this point of view doesnt hold water. It can be easily denied that.It has been illustrated that.It is generally/ usually believed tha.tIt is high time that we put considerable emphasis on.It is not true that.It is true thatbut the chief faults/ obvious defects are.It provides a good example of.It reveals the unquestionable fact that. Like anything else, it has its own disadvantages/ weaknesses/ drawbacks/ negative effects/ faults/ defects.Many experts point out that.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, . Secondly, . Finally, .My view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ reason may be expressed as follows. Nobody can deny the fact that.None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.Now more and more/ large numbers of people/ people in growing numbers are beginning/ starting/ getting/ coming to see/ understand/ know/ realize/ accept/ believe/ be aware of that.Others may find this to be true, but I believer that.People used to think., but things are different now.Perhaps I was questioned why.Personally, I am on the side of the former/ latter view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer. For one thing, . For another, .The advantages/ strong points/ benefits of A are much greater than/ far outweigh those of B.The advantages/ strong points/ benefits of A are much greater than/ far outweigh its disadvantages/ weaknesses/ side-effects.The chief reason whyis that.The following are the reasons of/ for my choice/ personal inclination. First, while it is true that, it doesnt mean/ follow that. Second. Furthermore.The idea may be proved by facts. The reasons are as follows. First, there is an element of truth thatbut it doesnt follow/ mean that. The same is true of. There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that. Another primary reason is that.There are two/ three reasons for . In the first place/ On the one hand, . In the second place/ On the other hand,. Furthermore, .There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to.There is no immediate solution to the problem of, butmight be helpful.There is not sufficient evidence to show that. There is no truth that.Therefore, the first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer doesnt hold water/ can not bear much analysis/ can not stand up to close examination.We have no reason to believe that.We may cite another instance of. We may face the undeniable fact that.What is more serious is that.When it comes to, the majority of people believe that.Wonderful/ Superior/ Good asis, it brings us its own problems/ has its own disadvantages/ weaknesses.3. 转折部分常用句型A close/ careful inspection/ examination/ scrutiny of this idea/ view/ opinion/ argument would reveal how flimsy/ groundless/ fallacious it is.Although I appreciate that, I cannot agree with the first/ former/ second/ latter statement.Although it is commonly/ widely/ generally/ universally held/ felt/ accepted/ agreed/ acknowledged that, it is unlikely to be true that.Although many people believe that, I doubt/ wonder whether the idea/ view/ opinion/ argument can bear much analysis/ close examination/ can hold water.Among the most convincing/ important reasons/ factors/ aspects/ examples given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned.Different people have different attitudes towards. Some are for/ in favor of/ favorwhile others are against.However, gives/ may give rise to a number of problems.However, just/ logical/ sound/ valid this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.I agree with the above statement because I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue that.I believe that the first/ former/ second/ latter statement is valid because (of).In all the discussion/ debate over/ about, one essential/ important/ basic fact is generally overlooked/ neglected.It is true that/ True,/ To be sure,/ Admittedly, , but this is not to say/ it is unlikely/ it doesnt follow/ it doesnt mean/ it wont be the case that.It would be inevitable/ possible/ natural/ reasonable to think/ believe/