如何快速学会定语从句的方法.doc

快速把握定语从句教学的几点体会定语从句既是高中英语中的大语法项目之一,也是历届高考的热点。它是中学英语教学中的重点,也是学生学习中容易出错的地方。涉及定语从句的考题可以出现在单项填空题、完形填空题中;也可以出现短文改错题中。阅读理解题、任务型阅读中也会出现不少含有定语从句的复合句。考生在做书面表达题时也时常运用定语从句表达。从事高中英语教学几年，对如何帮组学生快速把握定语从句的体会，与同行共享，恳请批评指正。一、从定语从句的概念及对概念的分析着手1、定语从句的概念凡修饰某一名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫定语从句。2、分析概念让我们先来看这样一个公式：“先行词+关系词+从句”。 定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，因此第一步确定先行词，先行词指的是被定语从句修饰的词（名词、代词）; 第二步确定从句，一般从句是指先行词后的句子（注意：此句子结构是不完整的）。句子可能缺少主语、定语、宾语、表语、状语等任何一个。（注意：只能少一种成份）。所以我们要根据少的什么成份来确定第三步，填合适的关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。凡从句中少主语、定语、宾语、表语、我们需填上关系代词之一that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; 凡从句中少状语、我们需填上关系副词之一when,where,why等。For example: A plane is a machine that/which can fly.(句中machine为先行词,_ can fly是从句，此从句中少主语。根据理论凡从句中少主语、定语、宾语、表语、我们需填上关系代词之一that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; machine是物，所以本句可填that 或which。3、关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句;B.在从句中代替先行词;C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。要构成定语从句,先行词和关系词二者缺一不可。关系副词作状语不可省。关系代词在从句中作成分，唯有作宾语可以省。4、关系词的选择与判断（1）、关系词有关系代词和关系副词。在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用。关系词的选择主要看从句中少什么成份，凡从句中少主语、定语、宾语、表语、我们需填上关系代词之一that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; 凡从句中少状语、我们需填上关系副词之一when,where,why等。（2）、如何判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错：（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the onekeys：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 （3）、图表并附表说明: 主语 who that 人 宾语 whom that 主语 that which 关系代词 物 宾语 that which of which/whom the+名词 定语 whose=人、物 the+名词of which/whom 表语 that 时间 when=适当介词+which 关系副词 地点 where=适当介词+which 原因 why=适当介词+which凡从句少主语，先行词指人的用关系代词who 或that, 先行词指物的用关系代词 that或which; 凡从句少宾语，先行词指人的用关系代词whom 或that, 先行词指物的用关系代词 that或which; 凡从句少表语，先行词指人的或物的均用关系代词that；凡从句少定语，先行词指人的或物的均用关系代词whose；凡从句少状语，先行词指时间的用关系副词 when ; 先行词指地点的用关系副词 where ; 先行词指原因的用关系副词 why .友情提示：只有宾语从句可省略关系词，但还要视情况而定，如作介词宾语不可省略；如有若干宾语只可省略第一个关系词，后面的若干个都不能省略等。别的从句不可省略关系词。 as可作主语、宾语 修饰整个句子，可与 such the same 搭配用。 表示时间、地点、原因的先行词作定语从句谓语动词的主语、宾语时，应用that 或which（4）、Exercises :1.Is this museum _ they visited yesterday?2. Is this the museum_ they visited yesterday?3. Is this the museum_ they stayed yesterday?4. It was the museum _ you saw many treasures5. It was in the museum_ you saw many treasures6. It was in the museum_ you dropped in that you saw many treasures7 .she lived in the house _ she used to live 8. she lived in the house _ she used to live in9 .she lived in the house _ she dropped in 10. she lived in the house _ she used to visit11. she lived in the house _ the windows were broken12 .she lived in the house the windows _were broken13. she lived in the house _ windows were broken14. He is such a good teacher _ we all like15. He is such a good teacher _ we all like him16 .That is the day _ he went to college17. That is the day _ he went to college on18. I dont believe the reason_ he was late for school19. I dont believe the reason_ he was late for school for20. He is the professor _ the name was JacksonKeys:1 the one 2 that /which/不填 3 where 4 where 5 that 6 where/at which 7 where/in which 8 that /which/不填 9 where/at which 10 that /which/不填 11of which 12 of which 13 whose 14 as 15 that 16 when/on which 17 that /which/不填 18 why/for which 19 that /which/不填 20 of whom二、定语从句的分类定语从句分为二大类；限制性与非限制性定语从句。1、限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语；如果省去，主句的意思就不完整或不明确。非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作附加说明；如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。2、限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号分开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号分开。For example: She has a son who is a doctor限制性定语从句She has a son , who is a doctor非限制性定语从句3、限制性定语从句可以用that引导；非限制性定语从句不用that引导，应用which。For example: He said nothing that made her angry限制性定语从句 He said nothing , which made her angry非限制性定语从句4、限制性定语从句的关系词作宾语时可省略，非限制性定语从句的关系词作宾语时不可省略，介词后的关系词也不能省略。For example: He is the man (whom/that) you can turn to for advice 可省He is the man to whom you can turn to for help不可省5、限制性定语从句一般只修饰先行词；非限制性定语从句可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰其前面的整个句子或句子的一部分。For example: She failed in the exam again,which made her mother very angry 非限制性定语从句修饰其前面的整个句子 I have finished the novel that you lent me yesterday限制性定语从句一般只修饰先行词三、定语从句的特殊用法1、介词与关系代词（1）、名（代）词+介词+关系代词（在句中一般作主语），常用此结构的代词有one both all most some several few a few little a little many much none half 等For example: I have seen many foreigners,most of whom are from Europe区别: I have seen many foreigners and most of them are from Europe（2）、数量词或形容词最高级+of +关系代词For example: He has ten cousins , three of whom are cleverHe has ten cousins , 50 percent of whom are cleverHe has ten cousins , half of whom are cleverHe has ten cousins ,four-fifths of whom are cleverHe has ten cousins , the youngest of whom is clever（3）、介词+关系代词(在句中作状语)介词的来源： 根据定语从句的谓语选择适当的介词；根据先行词选用关系代词whom指人which指物；短语动词不能拆开 （如 look for look after look forward to take care of 等）。For example：He is the person to whom you can turn for help The percil with which he was writing brokeIs this the knife which you are looking for ?（4）、介词 + which +名词(在句中作状语)此结构可转换为and + 介词+that 或this +名词结构+主谓结构For example: Tom spent 4 years in college , during which time he learned French=Tom spent 4 years in college and during this time he learned French（5）、介词短语+关系代词(在句中作状语)此结构可于介词+whose +名词结构转换=and +介词+形容词性的物主代词+名词+主谓结构For example: He works in a factory , in front of which there is a riverHe works in a factory in whose front there is a riverHe works in a factory and in its front there is a river2、关系代词as的用法 可位于句首（中、尾）位置灵活常作主动语态的宾语常作被动语态的主语常用与be known (expected announced reported shown ) 等只能代主句整个概念，不能指代单个先行词可以引导（非）限制性定语从句 ，引导限制性定语从句常和the same such so as 等连用For example: As we all know , Taiwan belongs to ChinaHe is often late ,as is known to allTake as many books as you can 比较： This is the same book as I lent you yesterday(是2本书) This is the same book that I lent you yesterday(是同一本书)注：the sameas指不同的人或物；the samethat指同一个人或物3、关系代词which的用法 可位于句中（尾），不能位于句首The elephant is like a snake ,which everybody can see 可代主句整个概念，也可指代单个先行词The sports meet was put off,which astonished us可以引导（非）限制性定语从句The honest boy told a lie ,which he found strange先行词本身是that 时That which you borrowed from me wasnt a real diamond necklace作介词的宾语代替事物This is the dictionary to which he frequently referred before指人的“性质，身份”而不是指人时She is dressed in white like a nurse,