邢台一中高中英语语法讲解—名词性从句.doc

邢台一中高中英语语法讲解名词性从句【作者】贾朔【编辑】Crazy Urus【日期】2009年10月31日1.从句的分类 形容词性从句，即定语从句 状语从句（分9种）从句 主语从句名词性从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句2.说明：名词性从句的功能相当于名词，根据其在句中充当的成份，有不同的叫法。引导名词性从句的词语主要有：a. 从属连词that，无词义，不作句子成分；b. 从属连词if，whether（是否）有词义，但不作句子成分；c. 从属连词as if（=as though，似乎、好像）有词义，但不作句子成分；d. 连接代词who，whoever，what，whatever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，how much，how many有词义，作成分；e. 连接副词when，whenever，where，wherever，why，how，however，how often，how soon，how far，how long作句子成分。在名词性从句中，要用陈述语序。【例】1.I dont know where does he live.(false) I dont know where he lives.(true) 我不知道他住在哪。2.What life in the future will be like is unknown.(true) What will life in the future be is unknown.(false)不可用no matter who，no matter what等引导名词性从句，只能引导状语从句。一、主语从句1.定义：若处在主语的位置上是个句子，那么这个句子就叫做主语从句。2.注意事项：a. 在主语从句中，任何引导词都不可以省去。【例】That her hair is turning grey worries her.b. 在主语从句中，不用if，用whether。【例】Whether he will come or not is not clear.(true) If he will or not is not clear.(false)c. 主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。若谓语动词为两个或两个以上时，则用复数。【例】1.Where we will have a holiday hasnt been decided. 2.Where well go picnicing and how we will go arent clear.d. 主语从句作主语时，习惯上用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。但由what，whatever，whoever引导的主语从句，没有这个习惯。【例】1.Its very clear that the boy was seriously ill. 形式主语 真正的主语 2.Its uncertain whether well have a meeting today. 3.It hasnt been decided when they will leave for(前往) New York.e. 以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常见句型有：Its certain/uncertain that 肯定/不确定Its likely/possible/probable that 有可能Its a pity/shame that 很可惜/很遗憾Its no surprise that 毫不奇怪/很正常Its said/reported/thought/believe that 据说/据报道/大家认为/人们相信It happens that 碰巧f. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，必须用it做形式主语。【例】1.Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture? 2.Does it matter much that they wont come?g. 主语从句的虚拟语气，常见句型如下： Its a pity/shame/no wonder+that+主语+(should)+ v. Its requested/suggested/desired+that+主语+(should)+ v. Its necessary/strange/important+that+主语+(should)+ v.二、表语从句1.定义：若处在表语的位置上是个句子，那么这个句子就叫做表语从句。2.注意事项：a. 引导表语从句的任何词都不可以省（在口语中that偶尔可以省去）。【例】The truth is (that) I have never been there.b. 在表语从句中，不用if，用whether。c. as if（=as though）可以引导表语从句。【例】It looks as if its going to rain. The girl seems as though she has cried.d. 有争议的because：有的语法家叫之表语从句，有的则称之为强调句的省略。【例】Why was he late? It was because his bike was broken.e. reason不能和because连用，要用that代替。【例】The reason why he didnt come was that he was ill.三、宾语从句1.定义：若处在宾语的位置上是个句子，那么这个句子就叫做宾语从句。2.注意事项：引导宾语从句的that可以省，但若有两个或以上的that引导的宾语从句时，只可以省去第一个that，其后的不省。【例】I find (that) he is dishonest and that he often tell lies.that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，不可以省去that。【例】That he ever said such a thing,I simply dont believe.if和whether在引导宾语从句时，可以互换，但在下列情况下不可以：a. 与or not连用时，只用whether，不用if。b. 宾语从句是否定句时，用if，不用whether。【例】I dont care if it doesnt rain.c. 用if引导的宾语从句，如果会产生歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。【例】Please tell me if you intend to go.上例中if翻译为“如果”、“是否”均可。d. 介词后的宾语从句，只用whether，不用if。【例】It depends on whether it is fine tomorrow.e. 与不定式连用时，只能用whether，不能用if。【例】I dont know whether to go or not.f. discuss后接whether引导的宾语从句，不可接if。g. 将宾语从句放在句首时，只用whether引导，不用if。【例】Whether hell come to the meeting tomorrow,Im not sure.如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语时，则需用it作形式主语，而将宾语后置，此时that不可省。【例】1.We thought it strange that Xiao Ming didnt attend the meeting yesterday. 2.We find it necessary that we should ask him for advice. 3.He made it clear that anyone who broke the law would be punished.介词后的宾语从句不可以用which来引导，用what或whatever。【例】1.Are you sorry for what you have done? 2.The Emperor was pleased with what the minister had told him about the cloth. 3.He always pays attention to whatever the teacher says.在宾语从句中，时态要一致：若主句是现在时态（一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句可根据需要用在何时态。【例】 he is having supper now. he saw the film yesterday. he will go to Shanghai next week.I think that he was watching TV at 7:00 last night. he often goes to work by bus. he has read the magazine before.若主句为过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时），从句也要用相应的过去时。但客观真理、科学原理、格言等永远用一般现在时，不受时态要一致的规则限制。【例】1.He said he will come to see me next week.(false) He would he will come to see me next week.(true) He said he has been there.(false) He said he had been there.(true) 他说他曾经在这。 2. the earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。由连词that引导的宾语从句很少做介词的宾语，只用在except（=but，除以外，不包括在内）、besides（除以外，包括某一范围在内）之后，且此时的that不可省。其它一些介词后若出现that引导的宾语从句时，要用it先行一步，作形式宾语，后放从句。【例】1.The girl hasnt changed at all except that she is no longer so talktive (adj. 健谈的). 2.Your composition is well-written except that there are a few spelling mistakes. 3.You may depend on it that theyll support you. 4.We must see to (确保) it that everyone will be pleasant at the meeting.在宾语从句中应注意句型： what is the matter with him.(true) I dont know whats wrong with him.(true) 已是陈述语序 what wrong is with him.(false) what the matter is with him.(false)believe，think，guess，suppose在含有宾语从句的疑问句中要作“插入语”。【例】1.Do you know who he is waiting for?(true) 你知道他在等谁吗？ Do you think who he is waiting for?(false) Who do you think he is waiting for?(true) 2.What do you suppose he is doing now? 3.Where do you believe he has been? 你相信他在哪？Im afraid/sure/sorry/certain+that-clause也叫宾语从句。【例】Im afraid that I have a bad cold. 我害怕得重感冒。四、同位语从句1.定义：若处在同位语的位置上是个句子，那么这个句子就叫做同位语从句。2.注意事项：同位语从句要放在某些名词之后，用来解释或说明这些名词的内容，常见的有：fact，news，hope，promise，idea，truth，suggestion，thought，order，question，problem，belief，doubt，fear，word(n. U消息)，possibility。在同位语从句中，不用if，用whether。常用来引导同位语从句的连词有：that，whether，how，when，where，what。为了保持句子平衡，有时同位语从句会和它前面的名词分开。【例】An order has come from Berlin that no language but German should be taught in the schools of France.(避免头重脚轻)引导同位语从句的任何词都不可省。注意区分定语从句和同位语从句。定语从句：用来修饰其前面的名词，关系词、代词、名词在句中作成