教师的PQE书面评语对.doc

教师的PQE书面评语对提高学生书面表达能力的影响上海市第十中学 张华摘要 书面表达是高考中的一个重要部分也是学生感到最困难的一部分，教师怎样用正确的方法突破这个难点，有效地提高学生的英语写作水平，引起了我的思考。我用PQE书面评语进行尝试，PQE就是教师给学生的英语作文中用Praise-Question-Encourage，也就是表扬、提问和鼓励的书面评语形式对学生书面表达能力的影响。实践证明这一方法是行之有效的。关键词 PQE 书面评语 书面表达能力PQE就是教师给学生的英语作文中用Praise-Question-Encourage的书面评语形式对学生书面表达能力的影响。近年来高考英语对学生的书面表达要求越来越高。除了要求学生语法、拼写、句子正确以外，对内容提出了较高的要求，要求文章内容充实，句子通顺连贯、中心突出，还要求学生使用的句子结构多样优美，词汇丰富贴切。内容上的创新和想象能力的发挥，是学生最难的部分，许多教师也感到困惑，不知如何指导学生来提高写作水平，就只给学生一个内容的评价分数或只是划出一些语言表达上的错误。例1：满分10分。徐小华4分，王康9分。教师只局限于给个分数，学生很难知道问题的症结在哪里，尤其是得到一个很低评价分数的学生，不知是文中的内容观点，是词汇，还是写作技巧是他们写不好的原因。如果一个学生获得对他有帮助的老师评语反馈，就知道如何提高自己的书面表达能力。例2：书面表达成绩满分10分。5 分for task; 5 分for language。李霞7分Teachers comments:Task 4分：The letter clearly explains the reason for the complaint and why the customer wants a replacement. The letter achieves the appropriate formality. The message is clear throughout.Language 3分：Some inaccuracies in use of tenses, but these do not make difficult to understand meaning. Appropriate vocabulary. The linking between sentences could be improved.例2就不同了，教师的书面评语指出了文中的优点和缺点，帮助学生看到自己的优点和需要改进的地方。国外的许多研究实验证明教师这种对内容评价多于对语言错误的书面评语对提高学生的书面表达能力很有效果，这与Praise-Question-Encourage的评价观点相一致,那么什么是Praise-Question-Encourage的评价方式？让我们用容易记住的表1、 做好对初评的准备1) 仔细考虑一下你在课堂上所强调的主要概念。2) 用肯定的语调来评价：以一个感兴趣的读者口吻而不是裁判语气。2、 写评语时用表扬、提问、鼓励的方式1) 表扬：表扬文中的主要优点（也就是表扬要明确）2) 提问：列出明确的问句来帮助学生明确集中解决的方面，最好在问题后给学生一点建议或方法。3) 鼓励：以鼓励或表扬语气结尾。比如：告诉学生你很喜欢他对这个题目的理解和看法。3、 检查或修改你的书面评语。1）检查你的评语在你看来是否清楚，可能会做一些必要修改。2）检查你的评语中至少有一句表扬或鼓励的话语。4、 检查或修改你的书面评语。1）检查你的评语在你看来是否清楚，可能会做一些必要修改。2）检查你的评语中至少有一句表扬或鼓励的话语。格形式来进一步说明教师的PQE的评价指导要点。一、对学生文章内容上的影响这些指导方针就是鼓励教师在学生的初稿和复稿间给予一定的书面评语，给学生一些主要针对文章内容的提问、表扬和鼓励。这样的评价指导方法对学生的书面表达能力的提高很有效果。曾有专家Ferres (1995)采用这种方法指导学生写作，结果证明，超过90%的中等水平的学生，得到这种针对内容进行PQE评价附带对语言错误的评价后，学生的第二稿明显好于初稿。同时发现学生也很喜欢接受老师的这种两稿间的书面反馈，有效地应用老师的反馈去充实文章内容提高自己的写作水平。 Ellis(1994)也告诉我们学生的学习动机与语言的获取是紧密相连的，要激发学生的学习动机，教师就应在给学生的书面评语中给予一定的表扬和鼓励，教师的具有参考价值或直接寻求信息的提问方式会帮助学生明确重写的意义所在，学生也才会有兴趣与信心去重写。这样他的写作水平肯定会得到不断提高。 让我们从下面的例子来看教师应怎样应用这种评语指导方式。这个例子包括一篇学生的初稿，老师的评语和学生的重写稿，是一位中等水平的日本学生的习作。My Native City Makik Nisbibor 21993 I am from Sbimonoseki city. Sibimonoseki is located in Southern Japan, and it is a small city, but it is the biggest in my prefecture. My prefecture is yamaguobi. Sbimonosekis climate is mild and bunch because Japan has four seasons. Sbimonoseki is a quiet and nice place. And it is famous for blowfish. There are Kanmon bridge, some temples and shrines, museums and aquarium, and so on. But there is only one department store in Sbimonoseki. People like to play sports, go shopping, go fishing, climbing mountain. Anyway Sbimonoseki is a “fish” town. Teachers Comments Makiko， Your city sounds very interestingI have some ideas to help you revise your essay and add more details to it1.Can you explain this idea more? I dont know anything about blowfish。 Do they catch them there? What do they use them for? Also，can you give more details about the bridge and temples? What do they look like?2.I think your town must be next to a lake or ocean，but you didnt say so- Can you describe the location of your town moreWhy is it a“fish”town? That sounds very interesting, but I would like to know more about itIf your town has only one department storeIt must be very smallDo you like living in a small town? Im looking forward to learning more about your city修改稿：My native city Makiko NishimoriI am from Shimonoseki city . Shimonoseki is lacated on Southern Japan and it borders on the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan (2a). Shimonoseki is a small city, but it is the biggest city in my prefecture. My prefecture is Yamaguchi. Shimonosekis climate is mild and humid, because Japan has four seasons. Shimonoseki is a quiet and nice place which is surrounded by nature. I like living in Shimonoseki . And its famous for blowfish.Blowfish is caught Haedomri in Shimonoseki. Haedomari is known through the country as one of the fishing grounds of blowfish, Blowfish is very expensive and delicious fish. Theyre fish which turn whitish and taste light. Even the local people cant eat so much, because they are so expensive. They look like swelled cheek and have acupuncture all over the body. Also, they are poisonous. So when we cook blowfish ,we need license for cooking blowfish.Shimonoseki is also good fish grounds for fresh fish in addition to blowfish. Thats why people call Shinonoseki “fish” town.(1a) And there are Kanomn bidge,some temples and shrines, museums and aquariums and so on. Kannon bridge connects Shimonoseki with moji.Its about 700 metres long. And there is the Akama shrine near the Kanmon bridge . Its very beautiful shrine which has bright red tile-roofed.(1b)There is only one big department store in Shimonoseki. People like to play sports, go shopping, go fishing, climb mountain. I think Shimonoseki is good place to live.从上面的例子中，我们可以看出学生使用举例描绘性形容词和一些有趣轶事来扩展他的内容。从这篇习作样本我们可以看出学生明白了老师的评语，应用老师的评语而重新写了一篇对内容进行扩展的文章。划线部分是学生对老师评价的直接应用补充。比如613根据1a的评语提供了有关blowfish的更多信息。 1416行根据1b 的建议描写了bridge and shrine。第2行学生增添了这个城的方位所在（2a）重写的文章不仅长了而且满足了读者对细节的了解。二、对学生文章结构的影响我在今年所带的两个高三班尝试了这种评价方式。首先，通过范文介绍了基本的写作步骤。E.g. from a students writing:The first point I would like to make is that nuclear power stations are a threat to the environment we live in and to society itself. This is because of the danger of radio-active material escaping into the ground and polluting rivers and firms. A good example of this is (Teachers comments) The first sentence is a statement of a point of view. The second clarifies the point through giving an explanation. The third gives an example as supporting evidence. Together these sentences form one of a set of arguments.接着在课堂上引导全班同学列出写这篇文章的内容提要：1. threat to the environment and society2. problem of disposing of radio-active waste3. danger of transporting waste through residential areas4. danger of accidents. e.g. Chernobyl同时又提出了一些具有挑战性的问题，例如：“What do you mean by this?”“What do you plan to write about this?” “What is your supporting evidence?”1. 这些问题可以引导学生在脑海中形成清楚的概念。最后要求学生在半小时内完成不少于120字的一篇作文。我在给学生书面评语前列出了一系列针对课堂上所强调的要点问题：1 .Questions about paragraphing_Does the composition divide naturally into several parts?_Does the paragraphs reflect those parts/_Does each paragraph have a topic sentence with a main idea?_Does each paragraph have effective concluding sentence?2. Questions about your purposeWhat did you want to accomplish by writing the paper? To entertain your audience? To educate them? To inspire them to do something? To help them understand something new? To help them see something familiar from a point of view? To change their minds about something?3. Questions about the main ideaIs the main idea stated somewhere near the beginning of the paper? If not, would the paper be more effective if you did the main idea? No matter where the main idea appears in your draft, is the main idea clear to you, do you think it clear to the audience?4 .Questions about the development of your papera) Do you need to develop any ideas more fully?Do you need to be more specific or concrete in your explanations?b) Did you give your readers enough background information for them to understa