初高中衔接语法;名词性从句.doc

简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子种类：两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句(肯定、否定) He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意) Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句 Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class. 4）感叹句 How clever the boy is! How well you write! How strange a feeling it was! What strange feelings they are! What useful information it is! What a fine day it is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2）并列句：由并列连词(and, but, or, so, for 等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。It was here yesterday, therefore it cannot be lost. 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. That he will come and help us is certain.His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818.二、简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语 e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词 e.g. We work hard. 3、主语+及物动词+宾语 e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语) e.g. My father bought me a car. 常接双宾语的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, serve, show, teach, tell, write; buy, call, fetch, get, leave, make, order, prepare, reach, sing etc.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 常接复合宾语的动词见句子成分分析。注:其他各种句子都可由这几种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 三、并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示选择,常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3、表示转折,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 四、复合句的分类一）名词性从句：名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句名词性从句：在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语 His job is important. What he does is important.表语This is his job.This is what he does every day.宾语 I dont like his job. I dont like what he does every day.同位语I dont know about the man, Mr. White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them1. At lunch time, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.2. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.3. What surprised me most was that the old man couldnt see anything.4. The fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity.引导名词性从句的关联词连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever连接副词how, why, when, where however, wherever连接词that, whether, if, because as if/ as though(不充当从句的任何成分)一、主语从句在句中作主语的句子叫主语从句1、引导词主语从句通常用从属连词that, whether和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how when, where, why等词引导。that在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。Example: (1) (他想要告诉我们的)is not clear.( want )（2）_（任何得到这份工作的人） willhave a lot of work to do. (get)（3）_(他偷了一辆自行车) was true. (steal)（4）At the end of meeting , it was announced _(达成了协议).(agreement) (07 江苏)2、主谓一致单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。Examples:1.Where and when he was born yet（还没有发现）.（find）2.When the person was murdered and why he was murdered （不知道）.（unknown）3.What he wants （是） those books. （be） (是) some water. (be)3、形式主语it有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式. 常用句型如下： e.g. It is a pity that its no wonder that It is suggested that It is said that It isnt decided _(我们什么时候动身)._ (当然) she will do well in her exam. (certain)4、虚拟语气在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) +do” ，常用的句型有： It is necessary/ important / natural / strange that Its suggested/desired/required（表示建议、命令的词语） thate.g. It is necessary that a university student _(掌握) at least a foreign language.（master）5、陈述句语序在名词性从句中一般用陈述句语序.1)The problem is _ (他对这个小男孩做了什么) .2)（09湖北）_（任何计划好了的）is sure to change as one puts it into practice. (plan)二、宾语从句名词性从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。He understands that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.2、虚拟语气在demand, order, suggest, advise, insist, request, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用 “should+ 动词原形”。wish之后宾语从句与现在事实相反用一般过去时其中be用were；与过去事实相反用过去完成时；将来用could等加动词原形。I insist that （她单独做她的工作）(alone)但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，表明其后的动作尚未发生时，则宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。 The smile on his face suggested _ the examination.（他通过）(pass)3、陈述句语序（与主从类似）4、用whether或 if引导的宾语从句whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether. is an interesting question. （月球上是否有生命）介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导,要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。 5、宾语从句中的时态呼应宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态； 1) I know that every day.（他学习英语）(study)2) I know that_ last term.（他上学期学了英语）3) I know that _next year.(他明年会学英语)4) I know that _ since 1998. (他学习英语)如果主句中的谓语动词用一般过去时，则从句中的谓语动词只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等。（注意：现在完成时只是现在的某种时态） The teacher told us _（汤姆离开我们到美国去了）(leave)当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。 The teacher told us _(太阳从东边升起) (rise)6、宾语从句中的否定转移当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。1) We dont believe _（他会赢得这场比赛）. （game） 2) I dont think (that) _（他会这样做）. （do）7. 形式宾语如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，并且that 不能省略。 He_ (阐明) that he will not give in. (make)在depend on, rely on, hate, like, appreciate, see to等词之后接it 作形式宾语，再接从句作真实宾语。I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food.I dont like it _(你朝我大喊大叫). （shout）You may _(指望我会帮助你). (depend)I would appreciate it _(你支付现金). (pay)三、表语从句在句中作表语的句子叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样 。表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if, because 引导。其基本结构为： 主语 + 系动词 + 从句（注意陈述句语序及建议之类词所引起的虚拟语气）需要注意引导词的选择根据语义及所充当成分进行。当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。 1) It looks _(好像要下雨).2) The reason why he was late was _the train（他错过火车）by one minute this morning.四、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后,如 news, idea, information, fact, hope, thought, belief 等，用来说明名词所表示的具体内容。注意引导词的选择、陈述句语序及建议命令之类词所构成的虚拟语气。1) I have no idea _(他什么时候回来) （be）2) The news _ is exciting.(我们赢了比赛) (game)3) Word came _(总统会来) and inspect our school himself. (come)同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that 作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that 引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 1) Along with the letter was his promise_（他会拜访我） this coming Christmas. 2) The news _(我们队赢了) is encouraging. (win) 3) The news _(你告诉我) is encouraging. (tell)分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的要点有以下四个方面:1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2.考查不同引导词的运用，尤其是that与what、who与whoever及no matter who 等的区别、whether与if等的区别。3.考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4.考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题Practice1. _（英语晚会在什么地方举行） has not yet been announced. (hold)2.People in Chongqing are proud of _(他们所取得的)in the past ten years. (achieve)3.See the flags on top of the building? That was _ (我们所做的）this morning. (do)4.（09湖北）_ (任何计划好了的事) is sure to change as one puts it into practice. (whatever)5.(08)湖北) I feel so sick. I wish Mum_(没有逼我) to eat so much. (force)6 (08湖北) With the rapid development of science and technology, I cant imagine _ (我的家乡会是什么样子) in ten years. (what)7.I havent the slightest idea_ (他正在说什么). (talk)8.(08浙江)Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_ (他们的父母所说的)at home . (speak)9.(08福建) _ (我们都知道)is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (know).10.(08湖南)When asked _ (他们最需要什么),the kids said that wanted to feel important and loved. (need)11.(08陕西)The moment I got home . I found I _ (把夹克衫忘在操场上了) (leave)12.You ca