2014考研英语长难句精讲班讲义.doc

第一部分 方法论讲解 阅读在句子层面的障碍：含义 语序 简单句的障碍来源 只有一套谓语的句子叫做简单句 基本句型：主谓i come i saw i conquer主谓宾i love you 主谓双宾i bring a book to you 主谓宾补 she makes me crazy 主系表 i am a ugly man 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 四大障碍 ：定语 状语 插入语 同位语n 定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分叫做定语技能 ：高职 ，知识：本科，思维 ：研究生， 思想：博士u 前置定语：形容词性的词+名词u 后置定语 ：前置形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词现在分词过去分词 名词+ . 不定式（不定代词的定语置后）介词短语：介词+名词表语形容词：alive a cat aliveu 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）人称代词 who whom which that as +非完整句关系代词物主代词 whose+完整句引导词关系连词where why when how + 完整句 宾语 +非完整句 This is the expert to whom we are turning介词+关系代词 充当 状语 +完整句There is something by the virtue of which the man is the man 定语 +完整句 There are a lot of problems of which the fetching fresh water is the foremost by the virtue of=by the reason ofthat与as不能接到介词后面 （in that 引导的不是定语从句，而是状语从句表示的是because） 拆分：介词之前 ；找指代 ：关系代词指代的是前面哪一个单词；定成分：介词+关系代词在句中做什么成分n 同位语普通同位语：A ,B A or B A of B（正式 university of qinghua） 在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分 引导词 that + 完整句； 处理方法：删除n 插入语 处理方法：删除n 状语：修饰动词（谓语）或形容词、定语 副词 介短 现在分词 其前面没有名词，有名词就是定语 过去分词 不定式 独立主格处理方法 ：剥离（隔离） 例1：Using techniques（方法，技法） first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments（沉淀物） and rock from the ocean floor.例2：A few art collectors James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring （创造性的）artists, and established in their respective （各自的）communities社区 the idea of the value art and the need for institutions（制度） devoted to its encouragement. 非简单句的障碍来源： 如何拆分与组合 非简单句的障碍解决方案n 关联词和主句专一原则u关联词：关系代词 关系连词 标点（分号 冒号 破折号）并列连词 u主句专一原则：英语主句中只有一个主句一套谓语，主句中没有关联词；n个分句就有n-1个关联词 句子之间的关联方式：u1.并列l并列联词（and , but , or , as well as ,与分号）的用法：连接前后功能、性质、用法完全一致的成分（对等的必须完全对等） 从后往前寻找并列成分 2.嵌套：主从复合l常见的复杂句形式That+完整句宾从/表从 It +不及动+that+从句What+非完整句主语从句 that what how why when who 特殊的(形式主语句) It+be+形容词+that+从句 主语+不及动+that+从句 The sun rises that looks gorgeous （that引导的是非完整句则为定语从句) 主语+be+形容词+that+从句 The fact is true that i love you （that引导的是完整句则为同位语从句）状语从句：where when because+完整句（要剥离，状语和状语从句在阅读时要剥离，否则要遭报应的，将同位语给删除掉，将插入语给删除掉，剩下的主谓宾是那么的可爱）层次化句子阅读方法（与计算机程序类似）u1.层次化结构的表示形式 u2.括号匹配法：保证在每个括号中都是完整的简单句（适用于初级阶段使用）l 画左括号的条件：出现句间关联词的时候l 画右括号的条件：句子终结（出现终结标点句号；后续内容与前边无关）；出现句间并列连词 Kvin is a good student 【who is studying in the BFSU 【which is a good university in china 】 Kvin ,【who is studying in the BFSU【 which is a good university in china ,】 is a good student However , for many years , Physicists thought that【 atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously】 and that 【stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker . 】 u例3：The history of clinical nutrition or(or连接的同位语，后面直接删除不看，不用翻译, 直接看到谓语can be) the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras:【1 the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when （when前面有名词，所以when引导的是定语从句，when做连词）【2 it was recognized for the first time that【3 food contained constituents 【4 that were essential for human function 4】3】and that（此that不做成分所以和第三个that并列）【 different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents（成分）.5】2】1】例4：The desperate plight(困境，保证) of the South has eclipsed （遮盖，日食）the fact that【 reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.(壮观地，引人注目地)括号内的副词不可能修饰括号外的动词】例5：The technique方法 （technology 翻译为技术）of direct carving was a break with the nineteen-century tradition in which the making of a clay（泥土，粘土） model was considered the creative act 【and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.】 小结区 3.完整信息链法l规则描述： 笔记区例1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, and North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.例2 Tracking whales is but（=only） one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war （冷战）as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 例3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.（泛读） ABCBA(有里向外面翻译：CBBAA)例4：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious differences being that it is often much heavier.（词本无意，意由境生）（逗号不能连接句子，是独立主格，通常在独立主格前面可以加with，也可以省掉） 写作方法： 1 两个句子主语相同，保留主语，将句号变逗号，动词作如下变化 am /is/are being was/were having been do/does doing did having done be done done 2两个句子主语不同，保留主语，将动词做一上变化完整信息链法：不完整情况：英语句子中主干部分被隔离（主谓隔离：主谓之间加入定语、同位语、插入语。句子开头的第一个名词就是句子主语应该和其相匹配的动词在一起谓宾隔离：在谓语和宾语之间加入状语，状语通常有介词短语充当）动+介+名1+名2 （名词1如果修饰名词2，名词2前面就不可能当有冠词，名词修饰名词不多见，如果修饰了，此时名词1已经变为形容词了）（介词+名词1做的是状语，动词去读名词2）非正常语序：倒装与强调句（省略） 倒装句的分析方法：先识别，然后处理n 1.部分倒装的处理方法：情态动词、系动词和助动词置于主语之前叫做部分倒装情态动词、系动词要还原助动词要去掉n 2.完全倒装的处理方法：谓语前的部分到谓语后，谓语后的部分到谓语前；即谓语前后部分颠倒u 2.1完全倒装的存在环境：主系表倒装为表系主 2.2能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份：adj性的词， 置于句首时就可以看做是倒装，除了adj 外都是做后置定语的 名/Pronoun/to do (Pro 代理proxy server代理服务器) adj Vingu Ving Ved 表语 adj短语：adj+介+名 Of +名词介短n /pronoun /to do 方位副词也能作表语，相当于介词短语2.3完全倒装的判断流程 Ving是做的形容词性的现在分词，还是名词性的动名词，判断倒装流程：一：当adj 性的词置于句首不修饰名词时（修饰名词的话就是充当定语，而不是表语了），后面出现系动词，可判断为倒装。二：当开头为Ving形式时，且系动词为复数，可判定为倒装（动名词作主语，系动词只能是单数）三：当开头为Ving形式时，且系动词为单数，系动词后为非性质（不是adj）状态描述时，可判断为倒装。 Playing basketball is my cousin from the NY。 倒装 Playing basketball is funny。 正常语序例1：Herein（=in here副词） lay（系动词） the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.（方位副词也能作表语，相当于介词短语）In this picture stand two girls。 On the picture stands a lamp。 完全倒装例2：Surrounding the column（柱子） are three sepals（花萼） and three petals（花瓣）, sometimes easily recognizable as such（as such是状语，可以不看）, often distorted into gorgeous（漂亮的）, weird（奇怪的）, but always functional shapes.（倒装存在的原因：强调与平衡句子结构）例3：With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例4：Basic to any understanding （adj短语）of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive（巨大的，意由境生） population growth.（提取写作模板：Basic to any understanding（appreciation（认识，欣赏） of B is A 。）Basic to any understanding of environmental problem is china current Situation 英语在于熟练例5：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear（养育） their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.Among the diseases that can not cured in the past but can be cured now are plague ，cholera，kink cough。例6：Most （前面无the 所以是adj非常的，不是最高级）important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity （忠诚的）a manner of technique and composition（构图原则） consistent with those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built（从事） a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例7：With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.l 例8：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.例9：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats（栖息地） has been a growing appreciation（认识，欣赏） of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Coincident with concerns about B has been grouping appreciation of importance A importance of A to B 英语多名词，汉语多动词，翻译时把英语的名词转化为汉语的动词例10：Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United States.例11：Indeed, had it not been for the superb（极好的；华丽的；宏伟的） preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. 虚拟语气，省略了if 笔记区 强调句的分析方法n 1.强调句的构成it is（was） +被强调部分 +that（who只用于人） +其他成分n 2.强调句的处理方法：将强调格式去掉，被强调部分还原就可以了例1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyro