不定式的结构与形成.doc

不定式的结构与形成 动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为to+动词原形，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点： 1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。一、动词不定式作主语1. Its our duty _ the room every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肃省)2. Its hard for us _ English well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省)3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.(北京市海淀区)4. Its very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the World Cup.A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省)Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B简析动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质；句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。二、动词不定式作宾语1. He wants _ some vegetables.A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省)2. Dont forget _ your homework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省)3. He found it very difficult _.A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省)Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D简析在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省)2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food.A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)Key： 1. B 2. C简析不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。四、动词不定式作状语1. She went _ her teacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well.A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)Key： 1. A 2. C简析go， come， try， do / try ones best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。3. Im sorry _ that.A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)4. Im sorry _ you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省)5. My mother was very glad _ her old friend.A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省)Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A简析be +形容词+ to do sth结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。6. The panda is so fat that it cant go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldnt skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)The ice on the lake wasnt _ enough _ people _ _ _. (广东省)Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on简析在上述too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do(太而不能)和enough (for sb) to do(足以、足够做)结构中，不定式作结果状语。五、动词不定式作定语1. Would you like something _?A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省)2. I have a lot of homework _.A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省)3. He is not an easy man _.A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省)Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D简析不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系；如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。六、不带to的动词不定式1. We saw him _ the building and go upstairs.A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)2. So much work usually makes them _ very tired.A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)3. Your father is sleeping. Youd better _.A. not wake up him B. not to wake up himC. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省)4. I was made _ my homework in the afternoon.A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省)Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C简析1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官动词和make， have， let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在had better后面接不带to的不定式。七、动词不定式的否定形式 2007年12月20日 17:33 英语教师网七、动词不定式的否定形式1. Mr Black asked the man _ the queue.A. not to jump B. to not jumpC. didnt jump D. not jump (广西壮族自治区)2. The old man told the child _ noisy.A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省)3. There is going to _ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try _ late.A. have， not to be B. have， not beC. be， not to be D. be， not be (内蒙古自治区)Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C简析动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别1. Please stop _ a rest if you feel tired.A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区)2. Why didnt you buy some bread on your way home?Sorry, I forgot _ some money with me.A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省)3. Lets have a rest, shall we?Not now, I cant stop _ the letters.A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop _ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking简析一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下：stop to do sth意为停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事，stop doing sth意为停止正在做的事：remember to do sth意为记住去做某事(事还未做)，remember doing sth意为记得做过某事(事已做)：go on to do sth意为接着做某事(做完一事，接着做另一事)，go on doing sth意为继续做某事(一事未做完接着往下做)：forget to do sth意为忘了做某事(事还未做)，forget doing sth意为忘了曾做过某事(事已做)。5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane _ over my head.A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省)6. A woman saw it _ when she was walking past.A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省)Key： 5. B 6. A简析在see， hear， watch， feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?Yes, _. What time are we going to meet?A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. Id like to (浙江省)2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?_. What time are we going to meet?A. No, I cant B. Yes, Im gladC. Yes, Id love to D. Id like (大连市)Keys： 1. D 2. C简析在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于be glad to，would like (love) to，have to等结构中。十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式The new hospital _ is near the factory.A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省)Key： D简析当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词；如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词；如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词 1 不定式的否定式和ask（tell）sb.（not）to do sth.句型不定式的否定式的句型是not +不定式，经常和ask（tell）to do sth.句型连用。尤其在间接引语中。My father said to me，“Dont be late.”爸爸对我说：“不要迟到”。变为间接引语：My father told（asked）me not to be late.I said to him，“Dont open the window.”我对他说：“不要打开窗户”。变为间接引语：I asked him not to open the window.比较不定式的否定式和否定句的区别否定句：I didnt ask him to open the window.我没有拜托他打开窗户。不定式的否定式：I asked him not toopen the window.我请他不要打开窗户。必背！ask a question 提问题ask sb. for help 请求某人来帮助ask sb. to come 请某人来2“疑问词+不定式”结构I know how to cook.我知道如何煮。I dont know what to buy for you.我不知道要买什么东西给你。不定式可以和疑问代词who，what，which及疑问副词when，how，where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分。1.作主语What to do is a big problem.做什么是个大问题。2.作宾语I know how to use the computer.我知道如何使用计算机。3.作宾语补足语Can you tell me which way to go？你能告诉我走哪条路吗？I didnt find out when to leave.我不清楚何时出发的。（介词宾语）He taught me how to read it.他教过我如何读它。She will tell me where to go.她会告诉我去什么地方的。4.作表语The question is how to get there.问题是如何到达那儿。3 不定式中省去to的情况1.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，参见下文首例；但是，如果是在对照的场合，就不可以省去to，参见下文后例。He told me to finish my homework and（to） hand it in.他对我说：“完成作业并把它交上去”。It is better to laugh than to cry.笑比哭好。2.在感官动词see，watch，look at，hear，listen to，feel和使役动词make，have，let等所接的宾语中（不定式）作宾语补足语），不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中，则to不能省掉。注意疑问词+不定式作宾语和宾语补足语时，常与下列动词连用：know，show，teach，tell，find out，learn，decide，forget等。句型转换简单句：I dont know what to do.复合句：I dont know what I should do.我不知道要做什么。how的用法How old are you？你多大了？How are you？你好吗？How do you do？你好吗？How tall he is！他多高啊！（感叹句）How did you come here？你怎么来这儿的？（对状语提问）I saw him dance.被动：He was seen to dance.我看到他跳舞。The boss made them work the whole night.老板迫使他们工作了一整夜。被动：They were made to work the whole night.Let me listen to you sing the song.让我听你唱这首歌。被动：You will be listened to sing the song（by me）.3.help后面的不定式可带to，也可不带to。I often help him（to）clean the room.我常常帮他打扫房间。4 不定式中原形动词的省略为了避免重复，口语中常可省去与前边动词重复的动词原形，而只留下to。Would you like to go with me？你愿意和我一起去吗？Id like to.我愿意。If you dont want to read it，you dont need to（read it）.如果你不愿意读它，就不必去读。5 want，wish，promise，hope +不定式I want you to go there. 我想要你去那儿。I promise to sing a song. 我答应唱一首歌。I hope to meet you again. 我希望能再遇到你。1.want（wish）to do sth.和want（wish）sb. to do sth.两个句型意思不同。前者是主语想去做某事。后者是宾语sb.去做某事。wish与want用法一致。He wants（wishes）to start at once.他想要（希望）马上开始（出发）。He wants（wishes）me to start at once.他想要（希望）我马上开始（出发）。2.promise to do与promise sb. to do sth.这两个句型都可以用He promised to attend the meeting.他答应去开会。（主语He去参加会议）He promised us to attend the meeting.他答应我们，他去参加会议。（不是宾语us去参加会议，而还是主语He去参加会议）Our teacher promised to have a good rest.老师答应（允诺）他要好好休息。Our teacher promised us to have a good rest.老师答应我们（老师向我们许下诺言）他要好好休息。（绝不是让我们好好休息。“Our teacher allowed us to have a good rest.”才是此意）3.hope to do sth.希望做某事hope该词只有此句型，而没有hope sb.to do sth.（）I hope to do it myself.我希望自己亲自做。（）I hope you to do it yourself.比较want sb. to do sth.与would like sb. to do sth.的意思一样，只不过后者更客气一些。want to do与would like to do是一样的，只是语气不同。I would like you to help me.我想请你帮忙。（更客气些）I want you to help me.我想要你帮忙。注意要表达希望某人做某事，不可用hope作动词，而需要用want，would like等动词（参见186页1.）。6 tooto/enough to（这是两个非常有用的句型，务必要熟记）I was too tired to sleep.我太累了，（以致）难于入睡。He was lucky enough to find a seat.他够幸运的，能找到座位。1.句型：too +形容词或副词+to do.太（以致）不能（做）They are too shy to speak English.他们太腼腆了，说不了英语。The boy was too frightened to move.小男孩太害怕了，（以致）一步也动不了。此句型还可以是toofor sb. / sth. to do.意思是：对于某人（某物）来说，太以致不能The question is too difficult for us to answer.这问题对我们来讲太难了，我们不能回答。It is too dark for him to see anything in the room.房间里太黑了，他什么也看不见。句型转换简单句：tooto复合句：sothat（cant）简单句：The box is too heavy for him to lift.复合句：The box is so heavy that he cant lift it.这个箱子太沉了，他抬不起来。简单句：Li Ming was too excited to say a word.复合句：Li Ming was so excited that he couldnt say a word.李明太激动了，一句话也说不出来了。2.句型：形容词+enough to do sth.十分（足够）He is rich enough to buy a car.他很富有，可以买辆小汽车。他富得足以买辆小汽车。She was kind enough to help me.她很善良，才帮助了我。句型转换简单句：形容词（副词）+enough +to do复合句：sothat can do简单句：He runs fast enough to get there first.复合句：He runs so fast that he can get there first.他跑得够快的，完全可以第一个到达。简单句：The question is simple enough for him to answer.复合句：The question is so simple that he can answer it.对于他来讲，这个问题很简单，他可以回答。7 It is（was）+形容词+of（for）sb. to.It is kind of you to help me.您能帮助我，真是太好了。It is easy for me to speak English.对于我来讲，说英语很容易It is（was）+形容词+of（for）sb.to.这一句型非常重要，应用也十分广泛，应特别注意of和for的使用情况。在什么情况下用for sb.，什么情况下用of sb.呢？主要从以下两方面来进行区别：1.两者所使用的形容词不同a. for sb.的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词如：easy，difficult，hard，important，necessary，unnecessary，possible，impossible，interesting等。It was hard for him to say good-bye.对他来说，道声再见是很难的。b. of sb.的句型一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词。如：good，kind，nice，wise，clever，foolish，right，wrong，careful，careless等。It is foolish of you to do that.你真傻，做那样的事。It was clever of him to say good-bye.对于他来说，（在那种时刻）说声再见是最明智不过了。2.of sb.句型一般都可以转换成一个不定式作状语的句子，而for sb.句型则不可以。It is very kind of you to help me.（）You are very kind to help me.你帮助我，真是太好了！It is right of you to fight for the people.（）You are right to fight for the people.为人民而斗争是正确的。It is very important for her to express her opinions.表达她的意见，对她来讲是非常重要的。（）She is very important to express her opinions.动词不定式用法一、动词不定式的基本形式是“不定式符号to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。在句中不能单独作谓语，但仍保留动词的特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式同它的宾语和状语一起构成不定式短语。例如：to sell flowers in the street 在街上卖花 to speak in the classroom 在教室里讲话不定式省to有四种情况：1、使役动词let,make,have等后接不定式。例如：Let him go! The boss made the childlabors work the whole night.2、would rather,had better后。例如：You had better stay at home.3、Why/Why not后。例如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday?4、感官动词see,watch,look at,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find，notice 等后作宾语补足语，省to。例如：I saw him dance.注意：这些情况在被动语态中，不可省to.例如：The childlabors were made to work the whole night. 二、动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1、用作主语直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首。例如：The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother. How to make requests politely is important.2、用作表语动词不定式作表语，常用在be动词及seem,appear,happen等词之后，构成系表结构。说明主语的内容、性质、特征。例如：The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. She seem to be well-known. 3、用作宾语1. 用作宾语的动词不定式，常用在动词ask, choose, agree，expect, hope, decide, learn，prefer, know，wish, want, would like / love等及物动词之后，构成动宾短语。例如：We decided to talk to some students about why they go there. He prefers to eat white bread and rice. Id love to visit Mexico.2.动词feel, find, make, think,believe等，在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语，只有用it作形式宾语，从而把动词不定式后置。句子结构是：主语feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。例如：I find it difficult to remember everything. 3.既可接动词不定式又可接v-ing形式作宾语，意思差别不大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作的全过程，v-ing形式表习惯性的连续动作。但这种区别并不很严格，特别是美式英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。例如：Then I started to watch English-language TV. Im beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. （begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。）4.后接动词不定式或v-ing形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接v-ing形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try to do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。例如：When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me. I stopped using them last year. 5后只接v-ing作宾语的一些常用特殊动词：give up,enjoy,practise,finish,mind等。例如：Would you mind opening the window?4、用作定语用作定语的动词不定式一般都位于被修饰的名词之后。例如：I have so much homework to do today. I cant think of any good advice to give her. 通常chance,place, time, way等名词后接不定式作定语。另外在the first,the second,the last,the only等词后，也常用不定式作定语。例如：He needs time to do homework. You want to know the best way to get around the city.5、用作补语1.常见动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有：要求允许提议警告（ask, allow, permit, advise，warn），期望邀请鼓励（expect, suppose, invite, encourage），教导告诉想要（teach, tell, want），希望愿意（ wish, would like / love）。例如：I invited her to have dinner at my house. Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。例如：This picture makes me feel tense！ Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。一般说来，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里，或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带to。例如： They can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.Using e-mail English helps you write quickly. 4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。例如：He doesnt seem to have many friends. Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.6、用作状语1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气，常与in order或so as 组成短语。例如：A group of young people got together to discuss this question. In order to help him,we would do everything we can.注意：置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。例如：I was very sad to hear the news. On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. 3.结果状语，多见于“too.to”，“enough to.”结构句中。例如：Then Im too tired to do well. He is old enough to go to school . 4.独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。例如：Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good. To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. 7、动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。例如：Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. Its kind of you to help me.8、带疑问词的不定式短语动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。例如：I dont know what to try next. （作宾语） Where to go is not decided yet.（作主语）注意：单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。 What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?) Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)9、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.例如：Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other. His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.三. 具体内容： 不定式的时态和语法: 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing （1）现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He s