专业八级模拟544.doc

Test For English Majors Grade Eight Part General Knowledge There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet. 31. The capital of Wales is _. A. Edinburgh B. Cardiff C. Belfast D. Auckland 32. The victory of _ was the turning point of the War of Independence. A. Saratoga B. Gettysburg C. Trenton D. Yorktown 33. Which of the following is one of the worlds greatest continental rivers? A. The Ohio River B. The Missouri River C. The Hudson River D. The Mississippi River 34. _ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American. A. Edward B. Edward C. George D. George 35. Which of the following was NOT a novel written by Mark Twain? A. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer B. Great Expectations C. Life on the Mississippi D. The Prince and the Pauper 36. John Keats was a poet of _. A. the 17th century B. the 18th century C. the 19th century D. the 20th century 37. _ has no regular rhythm or line length. A. Ode B. Epigram C. Sonnet D. Free Verse 38. The study of the production of speech sounds is of great interest to those working in _. A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. phonology 39. Which of the following is NOT a branch of Macrolinguistics? A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. Historical Linguistics D. Computational Linguistics 40. The words rain and reign are examples of _. A. synonyms B. polysemies C. hyponymies D. homonymiesPart Proofreading & Error Correction 15 min. The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. Where do pesticides fit into the picture of environmental disease? Wehave seen that they now pollute soil, water and food, that they have thepower to make our stream fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent 41 _and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, ispart of nature. Can he escape a pollution is now so thoroughly 42 _distributed throughout our world?We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can lead extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major 43 _ problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and othersexposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides are very sad and should not occur. 44 _ For the population as whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed 45 _ effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that visibly pollute 46 _ our world.Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological affects of chemicals are cumulative over long periods of time, 47 _ but the danger to individual may depend on the sum of the exposures 48 _ received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off that may seem to us a 49 _ threat of future disaster. Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs, says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach to them unnoticed. 50 _Part General Knowledge31B 英国地理。询问威尔士的首府。考点归纳英国的四个部分： England：首府London，也是英国的首都； Scotland：首府Edinburgh； Wales：首府Cardiff； Northern Ireland：首府Belfast。32A 美国历史。询问美国独立战争的转折点是什么。考点归纳与美国独立战争(The War of Independence)相关的重要历史事件包括： Sep.5，1774：召开the First Continental Congress，开始拒绝购买英国货物 April 19，1775：the battles of Lexington and Concord标志着战争的开始 1775：成立Continental Army and Navy，由George Washington率领 1776：Thomas Jefferson起草the Declaration of Independence 美军在Saratoga战胜英军，战争的转折点 1783：签署the Treaty of Paris，英国承认美国独立 1789：成立the Federal Government，George Washington任第一任总统33D 美国地理。询问哪条河是世界上最大的陆地河流之一，答案是密西西比河。考点归纳美国的河流和湖泊： The Mississippi River：被称为“Father of Waters”或者“Old Man River”，其源头是the Missori River； The Ohio River：被称为“the American Ruhr”，河流沿岸矿产丰富，钢铁工业发达； The Rio Grand River：美国和墨西哥的分界线； The Great Lakes：位于美国和加拿大边界，包括Lake Superior(世界上最大的淡水湖)， Lake Michigan(五大湖中惟一完全处于美国境内的湖泊)，Lake Huron，Lake Erie和Lake Ontario。34A 英国历史。爱德华八世是“不爱江山爱美人”的代表，为了娶一位离异的美国女子而放弃了王位。35B 美国文学之作家作品。考查美国作家Mark Twain的代表作。选项B为远大前程，作者是英国作家Charles Dickens。36C 英国文学之作家概况。John Keats(1795-1821)，第二代浪漫主义诗人代表，代表作为 Ode to a Nightingale(夜莺颂)，写作风格推崇“Beauty is truth，truth beauty”。37D 文学基本概念。Free Verse意为“自由诗体”，没有固定的韵律或者长度，完全依靠自然的韵律以及重读和非重读音节的对照成诗。代表诗人为Walt Whitman。38A 语言学基本概念。考查语音学的不同分支及其研究对象。Ariteulatory Phoneties(发音语音学)研究语音的产生；Aeouaic phonefcs(声学语音学)研究语音的物理特征；Auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)研究对语音的感知。Phonology为音系学，研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列。考点归纳语言学主要分支及其研究对象： Phonetics(语音学)：the study of speech sounds(研究语音) Phonology(音系学)：the study of the rules governing the structure，distribution and sequencingof speech sounds and the shape of syllables(研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列) Morphology(形态学)：the study of the minimal units Of meaningmorphemes and word formation processes，that is，the internal organization of words(研究意义的最小单位语素和成词过程，也即单词的内部构造) Syntax(句法学)：the study of principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences (研究造句的规则) Semantics(语义学)：the study of how meaning is encoded in a language(研究意义如何在语言中编码) Pragmatics(语用学)：the study of meaning in context(研究语境中的意义)39C 语言学基本知识。考查宏观语言学的几个分支。参考Model Test 276第38题的考点归纳。40D 语言学概念的实例分析。考查词汇的几种主要关系。“rain”和“reign”是典型的同音异形词。考点归纳英语词汇的主要关系包括： Synonymy(同义关系)：参考Model Test 276第39题的考点归纳； Polysemy(一词多义)：一个单词拥有两种及以上的含义； Homonymy(同音或同形异义关系)：包括三种情况，即Homophones(同音异义)，Homographs(同形异义)和Complete homonyms(同音同形异义)； Hyponymy(上下义关系)：即一般和具体的关系，例如flower如果作为上义词 (superordinate)，它的下义词(hyponyms)有rose，tulip等等； Antonymy(反义关系)：包括Gradable antonymy(等级反义关系)，Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)和Converse antonymy(反向反义关系)。Part Proofreading & Error Correction试题解析41streamstreams 词法错误和句法错误，名词单复数及并列句不对称问题。不定式to make后面跟了两个并列的复合宾语结构，后一个是gardens and woodlands silent and birdless，那么前一个就应该是 streams fishless，而不是stream fishless。42在pollution后增加that或者which 句法错误，句子结构混乱。这是一个简单句，但是却出现了两个谓语动词escape和is。显然， is应该是一个定语从句的谓语动词，该定语从句的先行词是pollution，故关系词应该使用 which或者that。考点归纳两个独立的主谓结构(或两个谓语动词)不能在没有任何连词(或者只用逗号连接)的情况下出现在同一个句子中。修改此类病句，根据具体情况，有三种方法： 在其中的一个句子前加引导词，将其变成从句； 在两个句子之间加并列连词，将它们连成一个并列句； 如果可能，将其中一个句子的谓语动词改成适当的非谓语动词形式。43leadcause或者在lead后增加to 词法错误，近义词混用。cause和lead都有“导致”的意思，但是cause是及物动词，而lead作“导致”意时，是不及物动词，后面必须加上介词to。44areis 句法错误，主谓不一致。句子的主语是the sudden illness or death，而不是其后的farmers，farm workers and others，故谓语动词用单数。45在whole前增加a 词法错误，固定搭配错误。as a whole意为“作为一个整体”，没有as whole这种说法。46visiblyinvisibly 逻辑错误，逻辑反义词。根据上下文，此处应该指我们应当注意那些于无形中污染我们世界的农药给我们带来的副作用，而这些副作用不一定能够马上被发现。所以要使用invisibly，意为“看不见地”。47affectseffects 词法错误，词性混淆。此处意为化学物质对生物的影响是会长时间累积的，此处“影响”应为名词effect，而非动词affect。48butand 逻辑错误，关系词误用。此处为并列关系，意为化学物质的生物作用是会长时间累积的，并且受到其影响的危险性取决于人一生中接触的有害物质的量。49thatwhat 句法错误，从句连接词误用。此处为宾语从句，从句缺少主语，且主语显然为物，故使用 what；而that作名词性从句的连接词时不在从句中充当任何成分，故不能使用。50去掉approach后的to 词法错误，及物、不及物动词混淆。approach是及物动词，后面不需要介词；但是当它作名词用的时候，后面经常跟介词to。31. Which part of Britain is always fighting? A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland32. With regard to its size, the U. S. A. is the _ country in the world. A. largest B. second largest C. third largest D. fourth largest33. Big Ben is in _. A. London B. New York C. Washington D. Liverpool34. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by _. A. James Madison B. Thomas Jefferson C. Alexander Hamilton D. George Washington35. Don Juan was written by _. A. Percy Bysshe Shelley B. John Keats C. George Gordon Byron D. William Wordsworth36. Henry James was most famous for _. A. his poems B. his plays C. his novels D. his short stories37. Which of the following is NOT a representative of Modernism? A. Mark Twain B. Earnest Hemingway C. Ezra Pound D. Robert Frost38. The study of internal organization of words is _. A. semantics B. morphology C. syntax D. phonology39. The distinction between competence and performance was made by _. A. Halliday B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Chomsky40. The words toys, walks, Johns can be examples of _. A. free morphemes B. compounds C. inflectional affixes D. derivationsPart Proofreading & Error Correction Believe it or not, optical illusion can cut highway crashes. Japan is case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on 41 _.some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion.Bending stripes, called chevrons (人字形), painted on the roads make 42 _.drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thusdrivers slow down. Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for TrafficSafety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japans success. Startingnext year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripeson selected roads around the country to test how the patterns reduce 43 _.highway crashes. Excess speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all 44 _.fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce thoseaccidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas which speed-related 45 _.hazards are the greatest - curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, bridges. 46 _. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted acrossroads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. Then, 47 _.traffic often returns to fast speed within months as drivers become used to 48 _.seeing the painted bars. Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression 49 _.they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appears to 50 _.be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speedand the number of traffic accidents. Part General Knowledge31D 英国地理。询问英国的四个组成部分中哪个部分总是战争不断，应该是北爱尔兰，因为他们总是想独立。32D 美国地理。美国的面积在全世界排名第四。前三名分别是俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。33A 英国地理。询问Big Ben(大笨钟)在哪个城市，答案是伦敦。考点归纳伦敦著名景点：River Thames，St. Pauls Cathedral，Big Ben，Whitehall (白厅，英国政府)，National Gallery， Westminster Abbey，Buckingham Palace，Tower of London34B 美国历史。考查独立宣言的起草人，应该是Thomas Jefferson，可参考Model Test Two第32题的考点归纳。35C 英国文学之作家作品。Don Juan，中文名为唐璜，是英国浪漫主义诗歌代表人拜伦所写的长诗。36C 美国文学之作家概况。Henry James 是美国著名小说家，和Mark Twain 同时代。他的代表作有The American 和The Portrait of a Lady。37A 美国文学之作家流派。Mark Twain 是Naturalism(自然主义)的代表人。考点归纳美国主要文学流派及其代表人物： Romanticism(浪漫主义) Pre-Romanticism: Washington Irving，William Cullen Bryant，James Fennimore Cooper Post-Romanticism: Ralph Waldo Emerson，Walt Whitman，Nathaniel Hawthorn，Henry Wardsworth Longfellow，Edgar Allan Poe，Harriet Beecher Stowe，Emily Dickinson，Henry David Thoreau Realism (现实主义) Mark Twain，Stephen Crane，Theodore Dreiser，Henry James，Herman Melville，Jack London， Edwin Arlington Robinson Modernism (现代主义) Earnest Hemingway，Ezra Pound，Francis Scott Fitzgerald，Robert Frost，William Faulkner， Willa Cather，Sherwood Anderson，Sinclair Lewis，Eugene ONeil，John Steinbeck38B 语言学基本概念。Morphology (形态学)研究的是单词的内部构造。可参考Model Test Two 第38题的考点归纳。39D 语言学家及其代表理论。Competence and Performance (语言能力及语言运用)是Noam Chomsky 在其代表作Aspects of the Theory of Syntax 中提出的。考点归纳语言学中的一些重要区别： Prescriptive and Descriptive (规定性研究与描述性研究)：前者总结语言中的标准，后者着重观察分析语言中的事实； Synchronic and Diachronic (共时研究与历时研究)：前者研究某个特定时期的语言，后者研究语言各个阶段的发展变化； Langue and Parole (语言与言语)：由Saussure 提出，前者指语言系统的整体，而后者指某个个体在世界语言使用环境中说出的具体话语； Competence and Performance：由Chomsky 提出，前者指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备，后者指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用。40C 语言学概念的实例分析。本题属于形态学的范畴，考查词素(morpheme)的类型。toys， walks，Johns 都是在原有单词的基础上加上了曲折词缀(inflectional affix)，即不改变原单词含义的后缀，故选C。考点归纳 free morpheme 自由词素：可以单独成词的词素，如dog，nation； compound 复合词：由两个及以上的自由词素组成的单词，如sunrise； derivation 派生词：由词根词缀构成的单词，如nation 加上派生词缀(derivational affix)-al构成派生词national。Part Proofreading & Error Correction41在case 前增加a 词法错误，固定搭配问题。a case in point 是一个固定搭配，意为“恰当的例子”。考点归纳和ease相关的短语： in any case (无论如何)：Ill help him in any case.无论如何我都要帮助他。 in case (以防万一)：took along an umbrella，just in case 随身带一把伞，以防万一。 in case of (如果发生)：a number to call in case of emergency 发生意外时拨打的号码。42BendingBent 词法错误，非谓语动词误用。bend 表示“弯曲”之意时是及物动词，也就是“使弯曲”的意思。而“弯曲的条纹”中的“弯曲”和“条纹”间应为被动关系，所以应当使用bend的过去分词形式来作定语。43在how后增加well 逻辑错误。根据上下文，此处显然是指在全国各地的道路上设置不同的条纹来看它们在减少公路交通事故方面的效果，即how well they reduce highway crashes，而不是看它们是如何减少公路交通事故的。44ExcessExcessive 词法错误，词性混淆。此处speed 前面显然缺少一个形容词作定语，而excess 一般是当名词用的，其形容词为excessive。excessive speed 意为“超速”。45whichwhere 句法错误，从句连接词误用。此处是定语从句，从句缺少状语；先行词是areas，故从句缺少的是地点状语，所以应使用关系副词where。考点归纳 定语从句关系词判断小窍门：先后再前。先看后面从句中缺什么，如果是主语或者宾语，那么就从关系代词中进行选择；如果缺状语，就从关系副词中进行选择。再看从句前面先 行词的性质，是人还是物，是时间还是地点，进行具体判断。 46在bridges 前增加and 句法错误，缺少连接词。此处有四个并列的成分，那么应该在最后两个成分间加上并列连词and。47 ThenHowever 逻辑错误，连接词误用。根据上下文，此处大意为路面上喷绘的水平线条在刚开始的时候可以让驾驶员放慢速度，但是随着驾驶员适应了这些线条，他们又恢复了原来的速度。可见两句是转折关系。考点归纳 表示因果关系的副词：therefore，thus，accordingly，consequently，hence 表示因果关系的连词：because，since，for，so 表示转折关系的副词：however，nevertheless，whatsoever 表示转折关系的连词：but，notwithstanding，yet48fastfull/high 词法错误，形容词误用。修饰speed 时不能使用fast或者slow，而要用full/high或者low 等表示“高低”的形容同。同理，在修饰price 的时候也是要使用high，low 等，而不能使用 expensive 或者cheap。49在impression后增加that 句法错误，句子结构不完整。此处impression 后为同位语从句，解释其内容，而同位语从句的连接词that 不能省略。参考Model Test One 中Part 的第45题的考点归纳。50appearsappear 词法错误，非谓语动词误用。make 后的宾语补足语使用不带to 的不定式。考点归纳使用不带to 的不定式的情况： 感观动词see，smell，hear，feel 后使用不带to 的不定式，如：I saw him read in his room yesterday.昨天我看到他在房间里面读书了。 使役动词make，let，have 后使用不带to的不定式，如：The teacher made that naughty boy stand there all the class老师让那个淘气的男孩在那里站了一整节课。 help 后也可使用不带to 的不定式，如：Mary helped her mother clean the dishes玛丽帮助妈妈洗盘子。31. What is the highest mountain in Britain? A. Scafell B. Ben Nevis C. the Cotsworlds D. the Forth32. The nations capital city Washington D. C. and New York are located in _. A. the American West B. the Great Plains C. the Midwest D. the Middle Atlantic States33. The American president involved in Watergate Scandal was _. A. Richard Nixon B. George Bush C. Andrew Jackson D. Bill Clinton34. Quebec province in Canada has a strong _ culture. A. British B. German C. French D. Italian35. Francis Scott Fitzgerald was famous for _. A. The Great Gatsby B. The Sound and the Fury C. A Farewell to Arms D. The Grapes of Wrath36. Which of the following writers is a novelist of the 20th century? A. John Keats B. Charles Lamb C. Walter Scott D. James Joyce37. _ is the effect of language in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated. A. Metaphor B. Simile C. Personification D. Irony38. Among the following, _ is NOT one of the functions of adults language according to Halliday. A. the Ideational Function B. the Syntactic Function C. the Interpersonal Function D. the Textual Function39. Theme and theme are terms in _ of syntax. A. the Traditional Approach B. the Structural Approach C. the Functional Approach D. the Generative Approach40. Which of the following is a blending word? A. lengthen B. nylon C. edit D. smogPart Proofreading & Error Correction 15 min. Normally a student must attend a certain number of coursesin order to graduate, and each course which he attends and gives him a 41 _.credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universitiesthe total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasts for 42 _.one semester. A typical course consists of three cl