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从单句中来，到单句中去谈定语从句教学及其高考热点湖南省醴陵市第二中学唐新秋 定语从句是高中英语语法教学的重点之一，也是难点之一。之所以教学把它作为一个重点，是因为在英语阅读中经常会遇到定语从句。一名英语学习者如果没有掌握的定语从句，在很多情况下其英语阅读无法进行，将不能正确理解一篇文章。之所以它是英语教学中的一个难点，是因为汉语中作定语的句子与英语中的定语从句位置完全不同。在连接上汉语中多数情况下是在作定语的句子后加“的”来表现，英语中则在不同的情况下定语从句前要使用不同的关系词。高考单项填空题中它所占的比重不大，却是学生们必须掌握的内容之一。它经常以选择题的形式考查这一语法项目，但实际上考查的不仅仅是对关系词的选择，更重要的是考查了考生们对定语从句的理解和掌握。因此，近年高考对此语法项目的考查有所加强。下面笔者谈谈定语从句教学，同时也分析一下它的高考考查热点和解答思路。一从单句中来“从单句中来”指的是定语从句是由两个单句合并而来。牛津高中英语教材为了让学生正确地理解和掌握定语从句，编者首先在students book中以图解形式向学生展示了定语从句是如何由单句合并而来的。如：The trees are on the school campus. They have lost their leaves. The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves. (P.8)定语从句的关系关系词which代替了原单句中的“They”，因为they是人称代词不能起连接作用。又如：object of prepositionWe could expect good decisions from you. We thought you were such a person. We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions. (P.28)object of preposition从句中whom代替单句中的you作关系词，把从句与主句连接起来。再如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.从句中关系代词which代替前面整个句子，同时连接从句和主句。教材中的这些例子，很清楚地向学生表明了定语从句是“从单句中来”。因此，在教学时我们一定要让学生根据例子明白它。为了使学生进一步掌握它，教材又在workbook的巩固练习中，设计了单句合并为定语从句的专门练习。如：Next to him stands a girl. The girls name is Tina. (C2, P.88, M1)练习时，根据上面的例子，教师提醒学生找出其中共同的单词girl，再让他们明确后一句中的“the girls”可用“her”代替，且her是作定语的，不能作先行词。所以，我们应该用第一个单句作主句，其中的“girl”作先行词，第二个单句作从句，其中的“her(girls)”用关系代词代替来连接从句和主句。能代替“her”用来作定语的关系词是“whose”，我们把它放在第二的句首作从句，再把整个句子放到第一句中的先行词“a girl”之后，两个单句就合并成了定语从句：Next to him stands a girl whose name is Tina.为了让学生真正掌握它，在完成整个教材中定语从句教学后，我们可安排下面类型的几组句子，让学生用多种方式合并成定语从句：I went to the concert with Li Ming. He enjoyed it very much.以第一句为主句，我们可把合并成：I went to the concert with Li Ming，who enjoyed it very much.I went to the concert with Li Ming., which he enjoyed very much.我们还可以第二句为主句把它们合并成：Li Ming enjoyed the concert very much that I went to with him.Li Ming, who I went to the concert with, enjoyed it very much.这样做可以起到举一反三的效果。二到单句中去“到单句中去”指的是进行定语从句的关系词的选择时，我们把定语从句还原为单句来思考，然后选择正确的关系词。高考对定语从句的考查形式主要是关系词的选择。关系词是连接主句与从句的桥梁，只有正确地选择它，才能造好这座桥梁。要正确选择关系词，就必须正确理解从句与主句的关系，关系词指的是什么，在从句中起什么作用。因为定语从句在结构上本身就是一个完整的句子，它是附加到主句中去，补充说明主句的。下面本人对近年高考考查的定语从句题进行了归纳梳理，按照考查的热度进行排序，并解析如何运用“到单句中去”这一解题思路来进行关系的选择，以达到让学生正确理解和掌握定语从句这一语法项目。（一） which 引导的定语从句 热度指数Which既可引导限定性定语从句，又可引导非限定性从句，既可代前面的先行名词，又可代前面的一个句子，既能作主语、宾语，又可放在介词后构成介词词组作状语，有时还可用关系副词替代它，所以它是最活跃的关系词，在历年的高考中考查也最多。1.直指前面的先行词例句： As a child , Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. （10全国）A. whichB. whereC. whatD. that思路：从句回到单句中去即为“It(the school) is named after his grandfather.”能代替it(the school)是which或that，但从句前有逗号，为非限定性定语从句，所以只能选A.2.指前面整个句子例句：After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，_ turned out to be a wise decision（10四川）AthatBwhichCwhenDwhere思路：让从句回到单句中去就为“It turned out to be a wise decision.”而it指的是“After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling.”代整个句子，that虽然能代一个句子，但不能作关系词连接两个句子。能代一个句子关系词只有which和as两个，但这里没有as这个答案，所以选B.3.介词加which例句：The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. (10江苏)A. thatB. itC. whatD. which思路：让从句回到单句中去就是“The walls of it (the newly built caf) are painted light green.”能放在介词后代it(物)的关系词只which，故选D.（二） whose 热度指数1. 指人代替形容词性物主代词例句：Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.(10北京)A. whatB. whoseC. whichD. that思路：从句回到单句中是“Their(Childrens) diet is high in fat.”能代替their起连接作用的关系词只有whose，故知选B.2. 指物代替介词of的所有格例句：Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. （10山东）A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. what思路：让从句回到单句中去为“The parts of it(the new machine) are too small to be seen.”用which代替“it”,知定语从句的关系词为of which. 因这里没有这个答案，但它是带介词of的所有格，所以选C. （三） where 和 when热度指数Where, when是关系副词，所以很多时候，它们可以与“介词which”互换。1.where,when指具体地点和时间例句：Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually.（10福建） A. thatB. whereC. whichD. whose思路：从句的单句是“Life has developed gradually on it(the planet).”用which代替it，然后把状语on which放到它的句首与前一句合并成定语从句，但这里没有这个答案，因it指地点，所以用关系副词where作状语，故选.例句：Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (09江苏卷)A. ifB. whenC. whichD. since思路：让从句回到它的单句中去为“In them (the days) local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.”them指物，所以用which代替，引导词为in which作状语, 但没有这个答案，which指时间，故用when作引导词，答案为B.2.where,when指抽象的位置和时间例句：What do you think of teaching, Bob?I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. (09北京卷)A. whereB. whichC. whenD. that思路：从句的单句为“You are doing something serious but interesting in it(teaching).”这里it指物所以用which代替，所以引导词为in which，在从句中状语，所以可排除B、D，因teaching不是指时间，而指工作，即一个位置，相当于地点，故用where代替in which，所以选A.例句：Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (09四川卷)A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when思路：让从句回到单句中去则为“During it(the stay) she found her son who had gone missing two years before.”it指物，所以用which代替它，空格处就为during which并起连接作用，stay不是指地点（前面有there），而是指停留时间。这里没有这个答案，所以when代替，选D.（四） who, whom热度指数例句： The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. （10浙江）AwhomBwhichCthemDthose思路：把从句放回单句中则为“Many of them (the people) left their village homes for a better life in the city.”但C是人称代词，D为不定代词，均不能连接两个句子，B则只能指物，因而选指人的关系代词A.例句： Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. （10湖南）A. whoB. whereC. whenD. which思路：从句回到单句中去则为“I met them(the students) in the English speech contest last year.”在这四个选项中只有who指人，所以选A.（五） as热度指数例句： I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. (09天津卷)A. asB. whichC. whenD. what思路：从句回到单句中为“any businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day.”此从句为倒装句，四个引导词中只有as才可用于倒装,且只有as do才能替代划线部分起连接作用，故选A.（六） that热度指数例句：I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. （10全国） A. whoB. thatC. asD. what思路：把从句独立出来就是“It(something) was someone elses fault.”先行词是something指物可用which或that作关系词，这里没有which，所以应选B.（七） 关系词的省略 热度指数例句：Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else _, is there? (05北京卷)A. who to turn toB. she can turn toC. for whom to turnD. for her to turn思路：我们一看句意和这个题的四个选项就知道，空格设置处为定语。A答案缺逻辑主语，C、D两个答案则改成for her to turn to才能正确，答案是省略了从句中作宾语的关系代词that的定语从句，把它单独写来就是“She turned to no one else.”所以选B.练习:1.The house completed in 1856 is still very strong, _ was designed by a famous architect.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. as2.His new car, _ he paid 7000, has already had to be repaired.A. off whichB. for whichC. of whichD. which3.One of the boys kept laughing, _ annoyed Jane intensely.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. whom4.The house, _ you can overlook the park, certainly costs more.A. whose topC. on which topB. on the top of whereD. on the top of which5.The building being built will be the highest in the city, on _ top the whole city can be overlooked.A. thatB. whoseC. whichD. its6.The boy _ father is in prison works very hard and is often praised by his teachersA. whoseB. whichC. hisD. whos7.The Queens last visit was in May, _ she opened the new hospital.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. who8.UK is one of the few countries _ people drive on the leftA. thatB. whichC. wh