常见词汇的多种表达方式.doc

写作四级考试的写作部分有其固有的特点，即对作文的话题、观点和字数都有严格的限制，重点考查的是考生的英语书面表达能力。作为四级阅卷老师，比较熟悉阅卷老师的普遍心理。在阅卷过程中，老师最重视的是考生的语言表达，“言之无文，行而不远”，考生作文的语言使用能力对评 分起着决定性作用。然而，语言的贫乏向来是中国考生写作的通病。四级写作中，经常会出现整篇作文一个词用到底的情况，例如一遇到“改变/变化”就是 change，“影响”就是effect，“流行”就是popular， “因为”就是because，“意识到”就是realize等。试想一下，阅卷老师在批阅了无数篇作文并产生了审美疲劳后，最想看到什么？肯定是一些能让人眼前一亮的词汇或短语。所以，考生就要从用词的多样性方面来吸 引阅卷老师的眼球。其实英语词汇是很丰富的，同一个意思可以有很多不同的词汇来表达。下面表格列举了一些常见词汇的多种表达方式。常见词汇的多种表达方式中文词汇不同的英文表达方式改变change, modify,alter,shift,transform,convert保护protect,conserve, safeguard保存save,preserve,conserve,keep,store流行popular, prevalent, prevailing,universal想到thinkof,comeupwith,occurto/strikesb., cometo,remind,suggest看作regardas,lookon/consider/view/see/takeas因为because,owingto,thanksto,dueto,asaresultof, invirtueof,onaccountof,resultingfrom.,considering关于about,withregardto,asregards,concerning,relatingto因此so,accordingly,consequently,hence,thereby, inthisway,forthisreason不同different,differ,varyfromto,conflicting,diverse, diversified,various,avarietyof吸引人的attractive,appealing,inviting,tempting,fascinating, charming,alluring,glamorous,absorbing,enticing希望以上的表格能起到抛砖引玉的作用，也提醒考生在写作时注意多体现词汇的多样性，词汇丰富了，整篇作文也就有了色彩。除此以外，考生在写作时还需注意以下事项：1. 字迹清晰。由于四级作文的阅卷方式是先扫描后复制到电脑上，然后由阅卷老师在电脑上阅卷，所以在阅卷老师主观判卷的过程中，作文的框架以及书写的整洁程度 会对最终的分数产生很大的影响。笔者建议考生采用黑色水笔作答，这样可以显得更加清晰。同时提醒考生，切勿将答题卡折叠。2. 严格按给定提纲的顺序写作。考生在组织作文的写作思路时，要严格按照提纲给定的要求写作。当然，考生也可以灵活运用写作套路，使用一些经典词汇或句型，把提纲句作为中心句放在每段的开头，后面再加上由逻辑词连接的分支观点，做到“以不变应万变”。3. 文章至少三段。四级写作的判卷规则有一条是这样规定的：只写一段 07分；两段09分。因此，笔者建议考生至少写三段内容。4. 保证字数。四级写作规定的字数是120词或150词左右，每少10个单词扣1分，因而考生在写作时一定要注意达到相应字数。写作技巧：四级作文开头句型荟萃Chapter One 文章开头句型 1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 1When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently. 2When it comes to., some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but (I tend to the former/latter .) 3Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that . They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . 1Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 2Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. (has been brought to public attention) 3Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. 1Never history has the change of been as evident as . Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of been more visible/popular than. 2Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that. 3Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to.Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of . 4Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.1-4 引用法 -先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! 1Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people. Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2. How often we hear such statements/words like these/this. In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this .1-5 比较法 -通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. 1For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ., people . . 2People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new.1-6 故事法 -先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. 1Once in (a newspaper), I read of/learnt . The phenomenon of . has aroused public concern. 2I have a friend who . Should he .? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. 3Once upon a time, there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now.1-7 问题法 -先用讨论或解答的设问,引出自己观点,适用于有争议性的话题. Should/What .? Options of . vary greatly, some ., others . 文章结尾形式 2-1 结论性- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.1From what has been discussed above, may safely drawthe conclusion that 2In summary/In a word, it is more valuable 2-2 后果性- 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.1We must call for an immediate method, because the current phenomenon of ， if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of 2Obviously, if we ignore/are blind tothe problem, there is every chance that will be put in danger.2-3 号召性 - 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.1It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of 2It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.2-4 建议性 - 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.1While it cannot be solved immediately, still there areways. The most popular is Another method is Still another one is 2Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.2-5 方向性的结尾方式 - 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.1Many solutions are being offered here, all of them make some sense， but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way.2There is no quick method to the issue of , but might be helpful/beneficial.3The great challenge today is There is much difficulty, but 2-6 意义性的结尾方式 - 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!1Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort. It will not only benefit but also benefit 2In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly 英语写作常用关联词12类1. Addition 表并列/补充/重复/强调/递进and，also，besides，too，again，in particular，after all，especially，in addition（to），similarly，likewise，as well as，apart from, except, furthermore，moreover，and then，not only . but also，even，besides this/that2. Sequence 表顺序first(ly)/initially，second(ly) , third(ly), finally/lastly, to begin with，then/next，finally; earlier/later，after this/that, following this/that，afterwards, On the one hand,. On the other hand,3. Consequence 表结果as a result，thus，so，therefore，consequently，it follows that，thereby，eventually，then，in that case，admittedly4. Contrast 表比较与对照/转折与让步unlike; on the contrary; by contrast; by comparison; compared with, like; asas; in contrast; conversely; oppositely; .than.but, however，yet, though，although, even though, anyhow, anyway, in any case, on the other hand，despite，in spite of，otherwise，instead of，rather，whereas，nevertheless, nonetheless，alternatively, still5. Certainty 表确定surely，naturally，certainly，obviously，certainly，plainly， undoubtedly, no doubt，doubtlessly，of course, in fact6. Condition 表条件if，unless，whether，provided that，in case, for，so that，whether，depending on7. Definition 表定义is，refers to，means，that is， namely, that is t