文稿格式与标点符号的运用.doc

第一讲 文稿格式与标点符号的运用第一节 文稿形式 学习写作，应明确什么是好的文稿格式。在标题的写法、纸边留空、段落开断的缩进、大写、词的移行等方面应遵照通行的规则。不管写什么，都要细致、认真，写得或打得整齐干净，还要尽可能避免错误。写好后，还要仔细校阅一两次，因为可能要做最后的改正或改动。经常这样练习写作，必然会取得进步。一、安排 有格的练习本和常规的办公纸(19厘米27厘米)都可使用。最好隔行写，以便于阅读或修改。如果纸张很薄，就写一面好了。（上交作业时，除了交一份纸质的，还要交一份电子文稿，以便老师在课堂上，点评。） 写英文很难使右边的空白成一直线，但绝不要一直写到纸的边缘。如一行剩下的空处写不下要写的词，而那个词又不能在中间分开，就该把它写在下一行。换句话说，在纸的右边必须留出一点空白处。 题目应写在第一行的中间。题目的第一个和最后一个词应该用大写字母开始，中间的词（包括复合词在连字符后面的词）也都应该大写，但是冠词、并列连词（and, or, nor, for）、介词和不定式的to除外，例如：The Impression of BeijingThe Wall BetweenWhere Do All the New Words Come From?A Clean, Well-lighted PlaceDifferent View on Jane EyreInterpretations of Robert Frosts “Fire and Ice”What Reform Means to China 题目后不加句号。如题目是悬疑句，应加问号；如是间接引语形式的问句(如上面的第七个)，则不加问号。题目中引用的词语或文章的标题，应加引号；书名则在下面画线或用斜体标明。 每段的开头应缩进，即留出4到5个字母的空白。（如何开启一个自然段） 在一行的开端不可用逗号、句号、分号、冒号、问号或感叹号，这些标点符号如果需要的话，应放在一行的末尾。可是方括号、圆括号和引号的前一半不能放在行尾。表示一个词移行的连字符应打在上行的末尾，而不是下行的开端。二、移行快写到一行的末端时，应看看还剩下多大的空处。如果写不下你要写的那个词，应考虑是移行还是把整个的词写在下一行。要避免把一个词挤塞在纸边上。移行的基本原则是按照音节把词分开。注意以下各点：单音节词，如through，march，brain，pushed，不能分开。不要把词的一个字母，即使那个字母构成一个音节，写在行末或行首，如：along, tricky。 不要把只有两个字母的音节写在行首，如hated，cabin。 避免把人名和地名分开写时，如China。Austen。 已带有连字符的复合词只可在连字符处分开，如father-inlaw，empty-handed。 把词分开写应注意避免造成误解。如peacock，really。 一页的最后一个词不要移行，把整个的词写在下一页好了。 有前缀或后缀的词，应在前、后缀和词根之间分开，如restatement, unrelenting。 双音节词有重复的辅音字母时，可在这两个字母间分开，如。Struggle，shatter。 词的分写有时并不容易。没有把握时，应查词典。三、大写大写字母主要用于三处：句子开头、标题中的实义词和专有名词。不只是完整的句子，就是当句子使用的不完整句，也应用大写字母开头。引语(两个引号之间的词语)如是完整的句子，也用大写字母开头。如引用的一句话分成两部分，放在两对引号之中，第二部分不用大写字母开始，除非第一个词是专有名词或由专有名词变来的形容词：He said，“My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.”“My trip to Mount Tai,”he said，“was interesting.”I asked，“When do you usually go home?”She answered，“At weekends.”普通名词已成为专有名词的一部分时，也要大写： 普通名词 专有名词a famous university Peking Universitya broad street Changan Streeta large lake Lake Eriethe president of the university President Brownmiddle, age the Middle Ageslabor, day Labor Daypeople，republic the Peoples Republic of China从专有名词演变而来的词一般也大写Marxist Darwinism HegelianConfucian Latinize Americanize但专有名词及其派生词也可能变成普通名词、动词或形容词:mackintosh(由苏格兰化学家Charles Macintosh的名字变来)chauvinistic(由拿破仑的狂热信徒Nieolas Chauvin的名字派生出来)quixotic(由小说Don Quixote主人公名字派生而来)anglicize(由拉丁文Anglieus演变而来)第二节 标点符号一、逗号（,）逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿。假如你说下面这句话：When he came, I was busy cleaning the room.1. 在并列句中，连词（and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet）的前面用逗号：We started early in the morning, and before dark we reached the village.He wanted to go on, but other people disagreed.Hurry up, or well miss the train.He couldnt do it himself, nor could he find anyone to do it for him.Nobody was listening, for everybody was shouting to be heard.He tried hard, yet he failed to convince her.2状语从句或短语（包括介词短语和分词短语）放在句子的主语前，或放在句子中间，后面应用逗号：When the rain stopped, we continued to work in the fields.On hearing about the accident, he went to the site at once.Some listeners, bored by the lengthy talk, closed their eyes and dozed off.主要成分在前，状语在后时，一般省去逗号。I was trying to reach her by phone when we walked into my office.You will be unable to finish the work in time if you dont start at once.3. 一系列起同样作用的次货短语要用逗号分开：Present at the meeting were Dean Lee, Professor Brown, Associate Professor Major, Miss Lindon, and a few other members of the faculty.Every weekend she goes to the nearest supermarket to buy pork, chicken, fish, vegetables, bread and other foods for the next week.The children sang, danced, jumped, .and chased each other.4. 非限定性从句或短语和句子的主要成分之间要用逗号隔开：At 22 she left the college, where she had spent four fruitful and memorable years.Miss Wang, who has returned from America with a doctor s degree, is going to offer a course in American history.Mr. Huang, the new director of the company, will soon announce his plans for reforms.The speaker, after glancing at his notes, began to talk about the next point.限定性从句和短语则不用逗号隔开：The economist who developed this new theory of investment has been awarded a Nobel Prize.This is the lab where students listen to tapes and see films5. 插入语的前后用逗号分开：The machines you have supplied us, Im glad to tell you, work very well.Many interesting places in Beijing, such as the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven, attract thousands of visitors daily.The worlds three great religions, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, all have believers in China.6. 写日期时，如次序是月-日-年，在日和年之间加逗号。如次序是日-月-年，则不加逗号。Hong Kong was restored to China on July l, 1997.She was born on 15 September 1980.7千以上的数字可用逗号按千数分开，也就是从右往左每三个数字后加一个逗号：1,253,900 53,807,214 690, 843, 201, 279二、句号（.）1. 句号用在陈述句、语气舒缓的祈使句和间接引语问句之后，如：Punctuation marks are important in writing.Dont overuse punctuation marks.She asked the teacher how parentheses are different from brackets。2. 省略词一般加句号:Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. U.S.A. U.K. a.m. p.m.现在的趋势是在省略次后不加逗号，尤其是在团体、通讯社和广播电台的名称之后：UN UNESCO NATO VOA BBC如果对省略词后是否加句号没有把握，可查阅较好的字典。3. 稍稍分开的句号就成了省略号，表示在引语中省略了一个或更多的词。The original passage:No two libraries are exactly alike in their holdings, in their physical layout, or in their regulations and procedures. Consequently, people are often frightened by the thought of using a library. When they finally do venture inside, they sometimes waste their time wandering aimlessly around because they do not know how to get the information they want. This fear of the library is not unreasonable - after all, libraries are intimidating places. But they are not as confusing as they seem at first glance. There are standardized procedures for storing and retrieving information that are common to almost all libraries, and once you have learned how to use one library, you will know how to use other libraries as well.The passage quoted with ellipsis:No two libraries are exactly alike in their holdings, in their physical layout, or in their regulations and procedures. Consequently, people are often frightened by the thought of using a library. . But they are not as confusing as they seem at first glance. There are standardized procedures for storing and retrieving information that are common to almost all libraries, and once you have learned how to use one library, you will know how to use other libraries as well.使用省略不可以更改原文的意思，也不可以省去任何重要的信息。三个稍稍分开的句号有时也表示说话停顿或迟疑：“What do you mean?”“I meanwell, I mean you neednt be involved in it.”如果一句之末用省略句，后面还得加分号。这样一来，四个句子就用在一起了。三、分号（；）1. 连个并列从句之间如不用连词（and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet），则应用分词。She doesnt like this film; she is disgusted with it.She was interested in history a few years ago; today her main interest is in anthropology.2. 其联系作用的副词，如however，therefore，hence，nevertheless，moreover，thus，otherwise，besides等等，不应该用作连词来联系并列从句，在他们之前应用分号而不是逗号。He promised to come to the meeting; however, he didnt appear.She didnt go with them to climb the mountain; otherwise, she would have been caught in the storm.The students gained valuable knowledge from their professors; moreover, they learned how to do research work from them.He didnt go to the meeting; therefore, he doesnt know what new decisions were made.3. 如果从句内已有标点，即使句中有连词仍应该用分号：He wrote a few good books when he was young and poor; but after he became famous and rich, he wrote nothing worth reading.As he promised, he donated a large sum of money; and this money helped with the completion of the project.Among those who joined the discussion were Miss Wu, a well-known writer; Mr. Li, editor of the literary supplement of the local newspaper; Dr. Qian, a professor of literary criticism; and Ms. Sun, a famous historian.4. 如若干项内已有逗号，可用分号将各项分开：Among those who joined the discussion were Miss Wu, a well-known writer; Mr. Li, editor of the literary supplement of the local newspaper; Dr. Qian, a professor of literary criticism; and Ms. Sun, a famous historian.5. 如果某一句内带有省略，可用分号把它和别的从句联系起来；省略处有时用逗号标出:In this prestigious university there are many famous professors; in that smaller university, a few; in our college, none.四、冒号（：）1. 冒号可引进解释、小结或同位语：He gave two reasons for his failure in the examination: poor health and insufficient time for preparation.She bought many souvenirs: two small bronze statues, a carved wooden case for jewelry, and a kerchief with wax-printed designs.2. 冒号用于引语或陈述句之前：It will do everyone good to remember this old saying: “One will know that he does not know enough after he begins to learn.”The president has made the following announcement: students who need financial assistance may apply at the Student Affairs Office.3. 冒号在记录时间时可用来区分小时与分钟，可以表示赛事的比分，可在事务性信件中放在称呼之后，可在演讲稿中放在对主席和听众的称呼之后：There are three flights to Tokyo today: at 11:35, 16:20 and 20:50.China beat Japan 3:2 in the womens volleyball championships.Dear Mr. Johnson: (in a personal letter the comma is more common)Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: (the beginning of a speech)五、问号（？）1. 问号用在直接问句之后，但是间接问句之后不用问号：“When did the Norman Conquest take place?” the teacher asked.“Could you explain to me the meaning of this complex sentence?” she said.An indirect question is punctuated in the same way as a declarative sentence.She asked me where I had bought that interesting book and how much it cost.2. 陈述句和祈使句被用作问句时，句末也加问号：“You like it? You want to buy it?”3. 放在括号中的问号表示不能肯定他前面的那个词、数字或日期的准确性：Cao Xueqin, who wrote Dream of the Red Mansions, was born in an aristocratic family in 1715 (?), and died in poverty in 1764 (?).六、引号（ “”）1. 直接引语的两端用双引号。“Which American poet do you like best?” Bill asked.“I like many of them,” Ann answered. “Perhaps I like Robert Frost better than anyone else.” (direct quotations in dialogue)George Orwell wrote in one of his articles, “When you have come back to England from any foreign country, you have immediately the sensation of breathing a different air. Even in the first few minutes dozens of small things will give you thisfeeling.” (a quotation from a book or an article)2. 在引用中又出现一个引用时用单引号。The professor said, “Confucius says, Do not impose on others what you do not desire yourself. This is a very good principle of moral conduct.”3. 间接引语不用引号。The professor said that one principle of moral conduct, according to Confucius, is not to impose on others what one does not desire oneself.He said that he liked Robert Frosts poems.4. 文章、短篇故事、短诗及歌曲等的题目和书中各章节的题目，应用引号标出。但书刊名称应用斜体或字下线标明。You can find Byrons poems “She Walks in Beauty” and “When We Two Parted” in The Romantic Poets.5. 引号和其他标点配合使用时的通用规则如下：（1）句号和逗号即可放在引号内，也可放在引号外。I have just finished reading his story “An Unusual Experience,” which is very interesting.I have just finished reading his story “An Unusual Experience”.（2）冒号和分号放在引号外In the book there is a chapter on “Peking Man”; there is also a chapter on Banbo Village.He gave a very brief explanation of “register”: a particular type of word used in a certain situation or a certain type of writing.（3）破折号、问号、感叹号，如果只是与引语有关，放在引号内；如果与整个句子有关，则放在引语之外：She asked, “What do you mean?”Could you explain to us the meaning of “postmodernism”?The man cried, “Fire! Fire!”Stop crying “Im hungry”! Well have lunch in a minute.课堂练习Exercise1. Capitalize the following titles.1) where i lives, and what i lived for2) are transgenic crops safe3) well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty4) a day to remember5) approaches to teaching english as a foreign language6) criticism on the ending of