自考论文和翻译格式.doc

毕业论文应由（1）封面，（2）中、外文摘要及关键词，（3）目录，（4）正文，（5）注释，（6）参考文献，（7）致谢等七个部分组成。毕业翻译应由（1）封面，（2）英文摘要及关键词（一至两页）（3）目录，（4）译文，（5）原文，（6）注释，（7）参考文献，（8）致谢等八个部分组成以下是论文的格式范文（翻译不再另附范文）：（封面请上自考办网站下载）喜福会中的中国文化背景分析（英语语言文学专业）学生 陈永贵 指导教师 任文喜福会是美国当代著名华裔女作家谭恩美的处女作。小说讲述了在中国战乱时移民美国的四位母亲和她们在美国出生的女儿的生活遭遇。小说中的母亲在旧时的中国饱经封建礼教和传统文化的摧残，变成了叛逆者，逃往美国，希望在大洋彼岸找寻自己的幸福生活。然而，母亲们在美生活的方方面面都离不开深深植根于她们脑子里的中国传统文化，并试图将这一文化强加在她们女儿身上。而在美国长大的女儿们却与这种“异乡文化”格格不入，处处背叛她们的母亲。母亲们因此受到深深的伤害。在女儿们长大后，屡经人生的沧桑才逐渐了解了母亲。在中国历史上，儒家思想一直是中国文化的核心。儒家思想重视人与人之间的相互关系和家庭观念，这与崇尚个人主义的西方文化是相冲突的。同时，中国的道教思想对大多数信奉上帝的西方人来说是难以理解的。再者，中国人教育子女的方式、饮食传统和烹饪方法也常常被认为是神秘而“野蛮”。故中国文化常常被西方学者看作是“他者”文化，道家的思想被看作是异教思想。借助于东方主义，谭恩美以其第二代美籍华裔双重文化的身份，在喜福会中建构了中国传统文化。小说中，母亲是中国传统文化的代表，而女儿却象征着美国文化。这两种文化的冲突与交融拧成了贯穿整部小说的一条主线，向国外再现了中国文化。本论文试图从传统家庭价值观念、饮食文化、宗教信仰等方面对喜福会中的中国文化背景进行较为详细的分析。关键词：中国文化；儒家思想；饮食文化；宗教信仰ABSTRACTAmy Tan is one of the most important contemporary writers in Chinese American literature. In her first novel, The Joy Luck Club, she tells the stories of four mothers who came to the United States as the first generation Chinese immigrants, and those of their American-born daughters. The four mothers were all from mainland China and had a lot of miseries in old China. As a result of the restrictions and suppression of the feudal society and Confucianism, they fled to the United States in an attempt to find their happiness there. Nevertheless, the mothers lives in America are still bound to the traditional Chinese culture, which has been deeply rooted in their minds. They educate their daughters according to the Chinese customs and habits. But the daughters can not understand this, for they were born and brought up in America. They often disobey, and thus deeply hurt their mothers. When they grow up, and experience the tortures of life, they come to understand their mothers gradually. As an American-born Chinese, Amy Tan reveals some distinct features of the traditional Chinese culture in the novel.Confucianism has been the core of the Chinese culture for two thousand years. It emphasizes the relationship between human beings. This thought, however, is in conflict with the mainstream of western ideology, which pays more attention to individualism. Besides, the mysterious beliefs of Taoism are strange to the westerners, most of whom believe in God and Christianity. Whats more, the Chinese have different ways of educating and nurturing their children, and different ways of cooking. They are thought by the Americans as having weird beliefs and a “brutal” way of eating. As a result, the traditional Chinese beliefs are treated as heathen ones, and the Chinese culture is viewed as the “Other” by the westerners. In the novel, the mothers are the representative of the Chinese culture, while the daughters, that of the American culture. The clash and mingling of the two cultures work together as a thread running through the entire novel. Amy Tan, as a member of the second generation Chinese-Americans, reconstructs and represents the traditional Chinese culture to the world, and has gained great fame in Chinese American literature. This thesis attempts to analyze the Chinese cultural background in The Joy Luck Club from three aspects: Chinese family value, Chinese dietary culture and Chinese religious beliefs.Key Words: Chinese Culture; Confucianism; Chinese Diet; Religious BeliefsContentsIntroduction1Part One Chinese Family Value.31.1 Confucianism: Doctrine of the Chinese31.2 Womens Status51.3 Communication between Parents and Children6Part Two Chinese Dietary Culture.82.1 Etiquette of Diet.82.2 Ways of Cooking.9Part Three Chinese Beliefs.113.1 Wuxing and Fengshui113.2 Ancestor Worship 13Conclusion.14Notes17Bibliography.18Acknowledgements.20（正文省略）Notes (1) The three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son and husband guides wife. The five constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, knowledge and sincerity.(2) Lao Tzu: The founder of Taoism. Born in the State of Zhou in the Spring and Autumn Period, he worked for some time in the Zhou government. He was searching for a way that would avoid the constant feudal warfare and other conflicts that disrupted society during his lifetime. The result was his book: Tao-te-Ching, which contains about 5,000 words on dao and de, or the way and its functions. Others believe that he was a mythical character.(3) John King Fairbank: A Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History at Harvard University and director of the East Asian Research Centre at Harvard. (4) Wuxing and Fengshui: Wuxing or the Five Elements are: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. They are the grounding theory for yin-yang balance. The Five Element theory views the Universe and its functioning as being cyclical and interactive. Accordingly, all of the “ten thousand things” within it are interdependent. Fengshui, or geomantic omen, is closely related to Wuxing. The Fengshui theory holds that the location of a house or tomb has an influence on the fortune of a family. Taoists believe good Fengshui could keep the yin-yang balance and could bring fortune.BibliographyChang, K. C. Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977.Ebrey, Patricia B. Chinese Civilization A Sourcebook. New York: The Free Press, 1993._ The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. London: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Eng, Kuan Khun. “The Changing Moral Economy of Ancestor Worship in a Chinese Emigrant District.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 23(1999): 99-132Fairbank, John. K & Goldman, Merle. China: A New History. London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.Niu, Weihua & Sternberg, Robert J. “Societal and School Influences on Student Creativity: the Case of China.” Psychology in the School 40(1) 2003: 103-114Tan, AmyThe Joy Luck ClubNew York：Ballantine Books，1990Tuan, Nien-Tsu & Ryan, Tom. “Is the Wind, or the Flag, Moving? An Oriental Perspective on the Complex Problem.” System Research and Behavioral Science 19(2002): 271-279Wang, Huarong. “The Bridge of Cultural Understanding in The Joy Luck Club”, Journal of Honghe University 2(2004): 40-43.Wang, Qi & Li, Jin. “Chinese Childrens Self-concepts in the Domains of Learning and Social Relations.” Psychology in the School 40(1) (2003): 85-101.Zhu, Zhichang. “Confucianism in Action: Recent Developments in Oriental Systems Methodology.” System Research and Behavioral Science 15 (1998): 111-130.陈爱敏. 当代美国华裔文学的文化关照. 文史哲, 2003 (4): 116-120.何立群, 吴金平. 风水对小说喜福会创作的影响. 八桂侨刊, 2002 (4): 50-52何立群. 五行理论与喜福会的成功. 暨南学报（哲学社会科学版），2005 (3): 74-77胡勇文化的乡愁美国华裔文学的文化认同北京：中国戏剧出版社，2003胡勇. 论美国华裔文学中国神话与民间传说的利用. 外国文学研究, 2003 (6): 87-92令狐萍金山谣美国华裔妇女史北京中国社会科学出版社，1999潘军武. 不可思议的中国人：喜福会中的异国情调与东方主义. 武汉大学: 2002.彭逢春, 罗婷. 从喜福会探析谭恩美的文化身份. 邵阳学院学报（社会科学版），2004-04 (2): 74-76张瑞华. 解读谭恩美喜福会中的中国麻将. 外国文学评论, 2001 (1): 95-100赵文书Positioning Contemporary Chinese American Literature in Contested Terrains南京：南京大学出版社，2004Net. 1: 陈启智. 儒家思想与家庭伦理. 2006-01-20, /qizhiwenlun/rjssjtll.htmNet. 2: 鲁鸣阴柔文化和阳刚文化：在美国看缺少拥抱的中国人2005/08/16, /r/2005-08-16/1128138951.htmlNet. 3: Tan, Amy. An Interview 2006-1-20 /authors/au-tan-amy.asp AcknowledgementsFirst of all, I would like to express my appreciation to all the teachers at the School (College) of _, Sichuan University, whose instructions and guidance have made my three/four years at the university a truly rewarding experience. In particular, I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. _, Prof. _, and Prof. _, from whose lectures I have profited tremendously over the past few years.Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, _, for all his/her inspiring ideas and kind help throughout the process of my thesis writing. Without his/her helpful suggestions, guidance and patience, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.My thanks also go to my fellow classmates and friends who have rendered me their generous help.I am particularly grateful to my parents for their strong support and deep care given to me during the process of my thesis writing.I am also deeply indebted to the authors mentioned in the bibliography. Their academic researches have given me a great deal of inspiration.It is my pleasure to dedicate this thesis to them all.（本篇“致谢”仅供参考，非唯一或标准文本）附录四川大学外国语学院本科毕业论文注释及参考文献格式要求（此部分非常重要，请严格按照格式来，否则指导教师可以不予修改）一注释格式为统一格式起见，本院外语专业学生毕业论文的注释采用尾注和夹注，不采用脚注。凡是对论文中某一单词、词组、引文、或某一说法进行补充性说明的，采用尾注（即下文第1条所说的End-notes）的方式，但在论文里英文统一采用Notes一词（见附录1）；凡是在论文中使用直接引语或间接引语的，一律采用文中夹注的方式（见下文第2条）。1尾注（End-notes） 在正文需注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码，在论文的正文之后写注文，每条注文加对应数码，回行时与上一行注文对齐。加注数码与数码对齐。2夹注（In-text Citations）某些引文和或所依据的文献无需详细注释者，以夹注的形式随文在括弧内注明。1） 来自专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中已经出现格式： 出版年份：页码例如：Rees said，“As key aspects of learning are not stable，but changeable，this opens the way for the role of the teacher as the pre-eminent mediator in the process”（1986：241）2）来自专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中没有出现格式： 作者姓名 出版年份：页码。例如： “我们所懂得的只是实体存在的片段，可以肯定地说，一切具有重大意义的理论至多只能是部分地真实，但这不应作为放弃理论研究的借口”(Chomsky 1979:48) 。 “One reason perhaps is that the Chinese audience are more familiar with and receptive to Western culture than the average English readers is to Chinese culture”（Fung 1995：71）3） 如果引述的内容为大段原文（超过四行），所引原文左边双倍缩进（即10个字符），右边与上下文对齐。 引文一般用冒号引出，引文不加引号（注意例句末句号与括号的位置）。例如： He is aware of the politics of his choice and that English is not the natural medium for his social novel. He describes his process of creation thus: I found, while writing spontaneously, that I was always translating dialogue from the original Punjabi into English. The way in which my mother said something in the dialect of central Punjabi could not have been expressed in any other way except in an almost literal translation, which might carry over the sound and the sense of the original speech. I also found, that I was dreaming or thinking or brooding over two-thirds of the prose narrative in Punjabi, or n Hindustani and only one-third in the English language. This happened usually while I was writing stories and novels. (Anand 1979:36)4）来自某篇文章的直接引语，作者姓名在文中没有出现格式： 作者姓名（英文只注姓）、出版年月例如：“Everything rests on the notion that there is such a thing asjustwordsbut there isnt.” （Baston 1972）5）来自专著的间接引语，作者的姓名在文中已经提到格式： 出版年份：引文页码例如：According to Alun Rees（1986:234），the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation.6）来自专著的间接引语，作者的姓名在文中没有提到格式： 作者姓名、出版年份；引文页码例如：It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance.（see Robertson 1987:136）注：如所述观点可直接从原文找到，用（c.f.: Robertson 1987:136)7）提到某人的观点（没有提到姓名） 格式：作者姓名，发表年份例如：This point has been argued before. (Frye 1998)A number of studies do not find texts with long series of Terms which derive from a single semantic field. (Thompson 1985; Francis 1989/1990)8）互联网资料 格式： 编号（自设）例如： “A deconstructive reading is a reading which analyses the specificity of a texts critical difference from itself.” (Net.2)注：Net.2.“征引文献”中的编号，是为了便于注明文内引语的出处。参考第二部分参考文献中的第4点“互联网资料”。二参考文献格式（Bibliography）外语专业学生毕业论文中的外文参考文献和中文参考文献分别归类排列，外文的排在前，中文的排在后。英文的参考文献按作者姓名的英文字母顺序排列，无明显作者的英文参考文献（如某些词典、辞书、百科全书）则按书名的英文字母顺序排列。中文的参考文献按作者姓名的拼音字母顺序排列，无明显作者的中文参考文献按书名拼音字母顺序排列。参考文献在第一行写不完的，第二行缩进5个字符。注意标点与空格。1著作类（Books）格式： 作者的姓名，书名，出版地，出版单位和出版年份。Format: Authors last name, given name, Title. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.1) 独立作者Fairbanks, Carol. Prairie Women: Images in American and Canadian Fiction. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.2) 同一作者两本以上的参考书Fairbank, John K. China Perceived: Images and Policies in Chinese-American Relations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974._China Watch. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press, 1987.3) 同一作者两本以上同年出版的参考书Newmark, Peter A. Approaches to Translation. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1998a._ Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1998b.4) 同一本书有两作者Grayling, A.C. & Whitfield, Susan. China: A Literary Companion. London: John Murray, 1994.5）同一本书有三位作者以上者Edens, Walter. et al. Teaching Shakespeare. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.6) 书的主编Hall, David. ed. The Oxford Book of American Literary Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.7) 机构作者A Book by a Corporate AuthorAmerican Library Association. Intellectual Freedom Manual (2nd ed). Chicago: ALA, 1983.高等学校外语学刊研究会. 外国语言研究论文索引 （1990-1994）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996。 8) 无作者署名的书Encyclopedia of Photography. New York: Crown, 1984.现代汉语词典. 北京：商务印书馆，1992。9) 一书多册Blotner, Johnson. Faulkner: A Biography (2 vols.). New York: Random, 1974张道真，现代英语用法词典（5册）. 上海：上海译文出版社，1993。10) 翻译著作Arkush, R. David & Lee, Leo O. trans. & eds. Land without Ghost: Chinese impressions of America from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. 赵元任. 中国话的文法. 丁邦新译. 香港：香港中文大学出版社，1968。11) 政府文件National Institute of Mental Health. Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties. (DHHS Publication No. ADM 82-1995). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982.中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法。香港：三联书店有限公司，1991。12) 学位论文Conceison, Claire A. Significant Other: Representations of the American in Contemporary Chinese Spoken Drama. Cornell University, May 20002文章类格式：作者姓名，篇名，刊名，刊物的卷号和期号，年份，文章的起止页码。Format: Authors last name, given name. Article title. Journal title, Volume number (Issre/Issue number), year: page number.1) 期刊文章Periodical ArticlesBolinger, D. “The Atomization of Meaning”, Language 41 (1965): 555-573.Fulwiler, T. “How Well Does Writing across Teaching Work?” College English 46 (1984): 13-25.Prakash, Gyan. “Orientalism Now”, History and Theory 34 (3) (1995): 199-212.陈渊. 国外英语教材初探.外国语第1期，1979：66-68。吕叔湘、饶长溶. 试论非谓形容词，中国语文第2期，1981:81-85。2）论文集的文章An Article in an Anthology or the Published Proceedings of a ConferencePeters, M. & Stephen, T. B. “Interaction Routines as Cultural Influences upon Language Acquisition” In Schieffelin, B.B. & Ochs, E. eds. Language Socialization Across Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986: 80-96.3) 报纸署名文章A Signed Article in a Daily NewspaperDarst, James. “Environmentalists Want Hotels, Concessions Removed from US Parks”, Boston Globe, May 25, 1988:17.吴天. 外来语与我国文化的冲突.牛城日报10月23日，2000：B5。4) 工具书署名文章A Signed Article in a Reference BookTobias, R. & Thurber, J. Encyclopedia Americana. 1987 ed.南文. 联合国的口述录音翻译。中国翻译词典1997年版。5) 工具书非署名文章An Unsigned Article