常见错误及例子剖析.doc

常见错误及例子剖析1.不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。病句：When one have money, he can do what he want to.（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。）剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has；同理，want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。 改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).2.句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势、语气、上下文等理解不完整的句子。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，加补充说明时发生。病句：There are many ways to know the society. For example, by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“For example, by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些词语，不能独立成句。 改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper. 3. 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。这种错误在四六级中出现较多。病句1：At the age of ten, my grandfather died.剖析：这句中“at the age of ten”只点出“十岁时”，但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather，如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么令人费解了。改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.病句2：To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语“to do well in college”的逻辑主语不清楚。改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 4. 词性误用（Misuse of Parts of Speech） “词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。这属于较低级的错误。病句：None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative是形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.5. 指代不清（Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns）指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。这种错误在四六级中较常见。病句1：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.（玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。）剖析：读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.病句2：And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves. 6.不间断句子（Run-on Sentences）什么叫run-on sentence？请看下面的例句：There are many ways we get to know the outside world.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.7.措词毛病（Troubles in Diction）Diction 是指在特定句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲、斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。四六级、考研英语中都是常见的毛病。病句：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.（农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。）剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍、障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use（使用的不断增加）”应改为“abusive use（滥用）”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 8. 累赘（Redundancy）言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。严格说这不算错误，但是对考研英语来说，累赘的毛病很常见，考生一定要有意识地去避免。病句1：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.剖析：本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”。改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.病句2：For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. 9.不连贯（Incoherence）不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。病句：The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.10.综合性语言错误（Comprehensive Misusage）所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述错误以外，还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等方面的错误。病句：Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.可改为：Today money is very important for everybody to live in the world.第二节 用词方面的错误词汇方面的错误主要表现在拼写不正确、词形相近而词义不同的词的混用、名词单复数不清、搭配不当等。 1、 拼写错误 拼写是考生应该具备的起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。拼写错误虽然未被列入扣分标准，但大量拼写错误的存在不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达。以下例子中，斜体部分为拼写不正确的单词。从中可以看出，有些拼写错误影响了整个句子的意思。 .flower cuircling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest. In its long history it beared excellent culture，. In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries costume while now we are very familiar with this. What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work. With the development of saciety, . enviroment pollution, We could do anything happyly. 2、近形异义词（词组）混用 英语中有很多单词（词组）词形非常相似，但词义却相差甚远，使用起来往往容易混淆。这是考试英语作文中另一词汇方面的常见错误。这些词（词组）的混用或误用经常会引起歧义，有时甚至会产生相反的意思。如contribute to 和attribute to意思就完全相反，但考生常将二者混淆；其他容易混淆的词还有： confirm （确认） conform （使适合） economic （经济的） economical （节约的） courage （勇气） encourage （鼓励） transmit （传送） transform （转换） liter （升、公升） litter （乱丢、乱扔） consist of （由组成） consist in （存在于） belong to （属于） belong in （应归入） 3、搭配不当 英语中有大量的习惯用语和固定搭配，这些搭配主要有名词、动词、形容词与介词或副词的搭配。有些考生由于对此掌握得不够牢固，经常在这方面出错，从而影响了对作文的理解。 误： to solve the question 正： to solve the problem (or: to answer the question) 误： pay attention on 正： pay attention to 误： Many changes have happened. 正： Many changes have taken place. 误： on my opinion 正： in my opinion 4、用词不当 许多考生由于词汇量有限，或单词掌握得不够牢固，因此不能正确使用已学过和已经记住的单词，出现用词不当、词不达意等问题。 例如： the naive spark, enlighten the dark, a happy home, calm gulf, health knowledge等。第三节 中国式英语 根据我们的教学经验以及和学生的访谈，许多学生的写作过程大体分三步：先想好要表达什么意思，然后在头脑中用汉语琢磨好表述的方式，最后翻译成英语。这一步骤不可避免地会在英语作文中留下汉语的痕迹，有的句子因而明显不符合英语语言习惯。有的即使语法上差强人意，读上去却很生硬。下面是中国学生英语写作中常见的几种Chinglish错误。1、As we all know，the population of China is becoming more and more.剖析：虽然把句子直接翻译成汉语完全说得通，但是population的意思是the number of people，它的表语应该是larger，而不是more and more。因此，此句应改为：As we all know/ As is known to all, the population of China is becoming increasingly large. 众所周知，中国的人口越来越多。2、Both city-dwellers and villagers realized control the number of children means make family live more comfortable lives.剖析：这个句子含有三个错误。首先，动词的时态不一致。主句动词用了过去式(realized)，从句却用一般现在式means；第二，英语中动词并不能直接充当句子的主语或宾语，因此，control the number of children必须变成the control of child number或controlling the child number，make也应改为making；最后，整个句子的动词太多，显得生硬拗口。因此，例句应改为：People both in cities and in the countryside have become aware that birth control means comfort in life.城里和乡村的人们都意识到计划生育意味着能过上舒适的生活。值得注意的是，我们发现，考生在表达“使某人(不)做某事”这个概念时，大多用make sb. do sth.这个句型。如：The situation made people not want to have more children. 其实，我们可以采用其他语言形式，既贴切，又避免动词和句型的简单重复The situation reduces peoples desire for more children. 这种情况使人们不想多要孩子。3、According to my observation, there are still many people in our country live in poverty.剖析：介词短语according to的意思的确是“根据”，后接名词，但是从大量的英语实例，我们可以看出，这个介词后面所跟的都是颇具权威性的理论或见解，因此，my observation没有参考性。另外，句中的动词live用原形，也不妥。整个句子应改为：It is easily observable that many people in our country are still living in poverty人们很容易观察到，我们国家还有很多人生活在贫困之中。4、People in cities no longer enjoy the free medical care.剖析：动词enjoy意思是“享受”，但是这个动词后所跟的名词一般部是人们乐于得到的东西。如：The young people are now enjoying their holidays abroad. 那些年轻人眼下正在国外享受假日。其实，例句的作者是想表达“有权得到”这个意思，故不是enjoy，而是be entitled to。因此，例句应改为：People in cities are not entitled to free medical care any longer. 城市人不再享受公费医疗。5、The beauty industry is fashionable because of the following reasons.剖析：在汉语里，“因为原因”是完全可以接受的，但在英语里，这个概念应表述为because of，或forreason。Because of和reason不能同时使用。如：West China is relatively less developed for various reasons.中国的西部地区相对落后，原因是多方面的。He dropped out of school mainly because of his family poverty. 他辍学主要是因为家庭贫困。因此，例句应改为：The beauty industry is booming for the following reasons.美容业的兴旺是由下列原因所致。6、The price of clothes is very cheap.剖析：如果把此句翻译成汉语，我们并不会感到有什么不妥。但是，在英语中，price并没有cheap或expensive之分，只有high或low之说。因此，例句应改为：The price of the clothes is very low. 衣服很便宜。与此例类似的常见错误还有：Our country is now developing at a very fast speed. These people have to work at a very hot temperature. 这两个句子应分别改为：Our country is now developing at high speed. 我们国家现在发展的速度很快。These people have to work at a high temperature.这些人只好在高温下劳作。7、Young people dont very like the conventional ideas.剖析：very作副词使用时，只能修饰其他副词或形容词。如：Judging from his tone of speech, he is very optimistic about the project. 从他说话的语气来看，他对此工程甚为乐观。China is now developing very fast. 中国现在发展很快。例句应改为：Young people dont like the conventional ideas very much. 或：Young people refuse to follow traditions. 年轻人不愿意遵循传统观念。值得注意的是，very也不能用来修饰aware这样的形容词。如：We are very aware of the problem. (错误)We are fully aware of the problem. (正确) 我们完全认识到了这个问题。8、There has a lot of pollution in big cities. 剖析：There be可用来表示“存在的、有”这个概念，其中动词不能用have。但是，学生一想到“有”，就用“have”。虽然在做语法题目时他们能分出个子丑寅卯，可一动手写作，就是另外一回事了。例句应改为：There is a lot of pollution in big cities. 或：Big cities are not free from pollution. 大城市的污染问题严重。9、We should learn as much knowledge as possible.剖析：在英语中，与knowledge相搭配的动词应该是acquire，这样才符合英语习惯。因此，例句应改为：We should acquire as much knowledge as possible. 我们应该尽可能地多掌握一些知识。同样skill也是如此：He found the skills he had acquired were obsolete. 他发现他所学到的技术已经派不上用场了。10、Of all the subjects, physics is my most favorite subject. 剖析：在英语中，有些形容词本身就表示在某一方面程度最高，如excellent，favorite等。因此，这类形容词没有比较级或最高级。因此，例句应改为：Of all the subjects, physics is my favorite或：My favorite subject is physics在所有科目中，我最喜欢物理。11、 The mans profession is a teacher. 剖析：这个句子是汉语的直白翻译式，不符合英语的表达习惯。由于profession是个抽象名词，而teacher却是个具体名词，因此，例句在逻辑上显然讲不通，应改为：The mans profession is teaching.或：The man is a teacher by profession此人的职业是教师。12、 We are impossible to catch up with the Western countries without learning from them. 剖析：形容词impossible一般不直接放在主语是人的词后面，只能用在it is impossible for sb. to do sth. 这样的句型中。例句应改为：It is impossible for us to catch up with the Western countries without learning from them.如果不向西方国家学习，我们就不可能赶上它们。13、As a result of the booming beauty industry, we can see many beautiful girls in the street like butterflies.剖析：此句是一个极不恰当的比喻。在英语中，butterfly是指“举止轻浮的女子”，因此，此句不是赞美之辞，而是贬低之语。另外把girls与in the street连在一起，难免让人想起street girl (妓女)。因此，作者想表达的意思与实际表达的意思可谓南辕北辙。例句可改为：As a result of the booming beauty industry, we often encounter girls whose beauty we cannot help admiring. 随着美容业的兴起，我们经常碰到让我们倾倒的美貌女子。这个例子还使我们想起学生另外一个极不恰当的比喻：In restaurants where customers are god显然，作者在这里把汉语中“顾客是上帝”这个概念搬到了英语中。如果让一个外国人来读这个句子，他必定会认为作者是在“亵渎神灵”。事实上应该把这个概念表述为：In restaurants where priority should be given to customers needs这两个例子反映了考生对英语的学习仅仅停留在语言的表面，对词汇背后所反映的文化内涵了解不够。14、Although many people are very rich now, but they cannot afford to travel abroad. 剖析：汉语里，“虽然”和“但是”可以连用，但在英语里althoug