电力系统运行与控制ppt课件

1,Power System Operation & Control,2,Power System Analysis,Steady-State,Transient, Basic Concepts, Parameters & Equivalent Circuits, Simple Power System Analysis, Power Flow Analysis, Active Power & Frequency Regulation, Faults (Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical), Short-Circuit of Synchronous Machines, Reactive Power & Voltage Regulation, Practical Calculation for f(3), Symmetrical Components and Sequence Networks, Unsymmetrical Fault Calculations,Stability, Basic Concepts, Steady-State or Small Signal Stability, Transient Stability, Dynamic Stability,3,Power System,Operation,Control, Power Flow Analysis(2), Economic DIspatch(2), Optimal Power Flow(2), Unit Commitment(2), Load Frequency Control(4), Control of Interconnected Systems(4), Voltage & Reactive Power Control(4), Advanced Topics(6),含AGC,含Interchange of power and energy,4,States of Power System Operation,Normal Secure State,Alert State,Emergency State,In Extremis State,Restorative State,All equality (E) and inequality (I) constraints are satisfied.,The security level is below some threshold of adequacy.,Inequality (I) constraints are violated.,Both E and I constraints are violated. The violation of equality constraints implies that parts of system load are lost.,This is a transitional state in which I constraints are met from the emergency control actions taken but the E constraints are yet to be satisfied.,Economic operation,Preventive control,Emergency control action (heroic measures),Emergency control action should be directed at avoiding total collapse.,Restorative control,5,Equality constraints (E) express balance between the generation and load demand.,Inequality constraints (I) express limitations of the physical equipment.,6,1 培养目标,本科生：知识,研究生：创新,2 教学特点,宏观为主，适当深入,涉及面广,以思考、提出问题引领学习,注意问题的本质、背景、新问题,例,继保：,电磁型,晶体管型,集成电路型,微机型,励磁：,主系统：,直流励磁机,交流励磁机,静止、旋转,控制系统：,电磁(相复励),电子式(晶体管、集成电路),微机型,7,References 1 Operation and Control in Power Systems(422p,2008,BS Publications, P.S.R.Murty) 2 Power Generation, Operation, and Control_2nd Edition 发电、运行与控制(592p,1996,Wiley,Allen J.Wood, Bruce F.Wollenberg) 3 Electric Energy Systems：Analysis and Operation 电能系统：分析与运行(658p,2009,CRC Press,Antonio Gomez-Exposito,etc) 4 Power System Analysis(812p,1994,McGraw-Hill,John J.Grainger, William D.Stevenson) 5 Modern Power Systems Analysis(573p,2008,Springer,Xi-Fan Wang王锡凡,Yonghua Song宋永华, Malcolm Irving) 有中文版，但内容不尽相同 6 Power System Dynamics：Stability and Control_2nd Edition (660p,2008,Wiley,Jan Machowski, Janusz W.Bialek, James R.Bumby) 7 Power System Dynamics and Stability 电力系统动态与稳定性(487p,1997,Wiley,Jan Machowski, Janusz W.Bialek, James R.Bumby) 8 Power System Control and Stability_2nd Edition 电力系统控制与稳定性(683p,2003,IEEE,P.M.Anderson,A.A.Fouad),8,9 Power System Control and Stability 电力系统控制与稳定性(471p,1977,Iowa State University Press, P.M.Anderson, A.A.Fouad) 10 Power System Stability and Control 电力系统稳定性与控制(1196p,1994,McGraw-Hill Professional, Prabha Kundur) 11 Power System Stability and Control 电力系统稳定性与控制(353p,2006,CRC Press, Leonard L.Grigsby) 12 Power Systems in Emergencies：From Contingency Planning to Crisis Management 紧急控制(399p,2001,Wiley,U.G.Knight) 13 Real-Time Stability Assessment in Modern Power System Control Centers 现代电力系统控制中心实时稳定性评估(456p,2009,Wiley-IEEE Press,S.C.Savulescu) 14 Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems (375p,1998,Springer,Thierry Van Cutsem, Costas Vournas) 15 Nonlinear Control Systems and Power System Dynamics 非线性控制系统与电力系统动态(201x2p,2001,Springer,Qiang Lu 卢强, Yuanzhang Sun 孙元章, Shengwei Mei 梅生伟),9,16 Robust Control in Power Systems 电力系统鲁棒控制(207p,2005,Springer,Bikash Pal,Balarko Chaudhuri) 17 Robust Power System Frequency Control 鲁棒电力系统频率控制(225p,2009,Springer,Hassan Bevrani) 18 Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems 电力系统中的电力电子控制(451p,2002,Newnes,Enrique Acha,etc) 19 Inter-area Oscillations in Power Systems：A Nonlinear and Nonstationary Perspective 电力系统区域间振荡(278p,2009,Springer,Arturo Roman Messina) 20 HVDC and FACTS Controllers：Applications of Static Converters in Power System 高压直流与FACTS控制器(322p,2004,Kluwer,Vijay K.Sood) 21 Adaptive Voltage Control in Power Systems：modeling,design and applications 电力系统自适应电压控制(170p,2007,Springer,Giuseppe Fusco,Mario Russo) 22 Optimal Economic Operation of Electric Power Systems(Mathematics in Science and Engineering,Vol.142) 电力系统最优经济运行(298p,1979,Academic Press,M.E.El-Hawary,G.S.Christensen),10,23 Optimization of Power System Operation 电力系统运行优化(623p,2009,IEEE-Wiley,Jizhong Zhu) 24 Market Operations in Electric Power Systems：Forecasting,Scheduling,and Risk Management 电力系统市场运营：预测、调度与风险管理(549p,2002,Wiley,Mohammad Shahidehpour,etc) 25 Modern Heuristic Optimization Techniques：Theory and Applications to Power Systems(616p,2008,Wiley-IEEE, Kwang Y.Lee, Mohamed A.El-Sharkawi) 26 Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems_2nd Edition 电力系统可靠性评估(534p,1996,Plenum Press, Roy Billinton, Ronald N.Allan) 27 New Computational Methods in Power System Reliability 电力系统可靠性新计算方法(418p,2008,Springer,David Elmakias) 28 Risk Assessment of Power Systems：Models, Methods, and Applications 电力系统风险评估：模型、方法与应用(347p,2005,Wiley-IEEE,Wenyuan Li李文沅) 29 Power Distribution System Reliability：Practical Methods and Applications 配电系统可靠性：实用方法与应用(556p,2009,Wiley-IEEE,Ali A.Chowdhury,Don O.Koval),11,30 Emerging Techniques in Power System Analysis(209p,2010,高等教育出版社+Springer, Zhaoyang Dong董朝阳,Pei Zhang) 31 Power System State Estimation：Theory and Implementation 电力系统状态估计：理论与实现(336p,2004,Marcel Dekker,Ali Abur, Antonio Gomez Exposito) 32 Embedded Generation (IET Power and Energy,31)(293p,2008,IET,Nick Jenkins,etc),12,Chap.1 Power Flow Analysis,1.1 Network Equations,1.1.1 Nodal voltage equations based on a nodal admittance matrix, Properties of a nodal admittance matrix,symmetric,sparse, self-admittance, mutual admittance,13,1.1.2 Nodal voltage equations based on a nodal impedance matrix, Properties of a nodal impedance matrix,symmetric,full, self-impedance (input impedance), mutual impedance (transfer impedance),14,1.2 Nodal Power Equations,15,1.2.1 Nodal power equations,Number of variables:,1.2.2 Classification of node types,PQ nodes: P、Q are specified as known parameters,4（6） 、 、 、,2,Number of equations:,PV nodes: P、V are specified as known parameters,Slack node: V=constant,16,1.2.3 Constrains for power flow calculation,17,1.3 Jacobi method & Gauss-Seidel method,1.3.1 Jacobi method, Convergence condition,18,1.3.2 Gauss-Seidel method, Basic concept of Gauss-Seidel method, Power flow calculation based on Gauss-Seidel method,19,1.4 Newton-Raphson method,1.4.1 Basic concept of Newton method, Convergence condition,20,1.4.2 Newton method for simultaneous nonlinear equations, Convergence condition,21,1.4.3 Power flow calculation based on Newton-Raphson method, Rectangular coordinates form, Polar coordinates form, Nodal power error equations (polar coordinates form),22, Process of solving equations,23,1.5 P-Q Decoupled method, Primary simplification, Secondary simplification, Fast decoupled method,24,Chap.2 Economic Dispatch,2.1 Characteristics of Power Generation Units,2.1.1 Characteristics of Steam Units,Boiler-turbine-generator unit,Input-output curve of a steam turbine generator Heat=f(P), or Fuel cost=f(P),25,Incremental heat (cost) rate characteristic H/P =f(P), or F/P =f(P),Unit (net) heat rate characteristic of a steam turbine generator unit H/P =f(P),Approximate representations of the incremental heat rate curve H/P =f(P),26,2.1.2 Variations in Steam Unit Characteristics,Characteristics of a steam turbine generator with four steam valves,27,2.1.3 Cogeneration Plants,steam,electricity,Industrial process、district heating,Fuel input required for steam demand and electrical output for a single extraction steam turbine generator,28,2.1.4 Hydroelectric Units,Hydroelectric unit input-output curve,Incremental water rate curve for hydroelectric plant,29,Input-output curves for hydroelectric plant with a variable head,Input-output characteristics for a pumped storage hydroplant with a fixed, net hydraulic head,30,2.2 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units,2.2.1 The economic dispatch problem,Objective function,Constrain function,Lagrange function,Optimal condition,or,equal incremental cost criterion,31,2.2.2 Thermal system dispatching with network losses consideration,Objective function,Constrain function,Lagrange function,Optimal condition,coordination equations,or,“penalty factor“ of bus i,32,2.2.3 Transmission system effects,cause transmission lines overloaded,constrains on power flow through the network elements,power flow equations,generation scheduling equations,ignore the constrains on flows,include the complete transmission system model,with no transmission effects considered:,loss formulae,OPF,including the effects of incremental losses:,33,Y,N,N,Y,给定迭代初始值,求与 对应的,K=0,开 始,结 束,2.2.4 The -iteration method,K达到规定的次数吗?,Y,N,34,2.2.5 Gradient methods of economic dispatch, Gradient search,direction of maximum ascent,direction of maximum descent,a scalar to guarantee that the process converges, Economic dispatch by gradient search,Lagrange function,35,2.2.6 Newton method, Aim of economic dispatch, Lagrange function,36,2.2.7 Economic dispatch with piecewise linear cost functions,(a) start with all of them at Pmin,(b) then begin to raise the output of the unit with the lowest incremental cost segment,(c) If this unit hits the right-hand end of a segment, or if it hits Pmax, we then find the unit with the next lowest incremental cost segment and raise its output,(d) Eventually, we will reach a point where a units output is being raised and the total of all unit outputs equals the total load, or load plus losses,37,2.2.8 Economic dispatch using dynamic programming, nonconvex input-output curves, cannot use an equal incremental cost methodology,multiple values of MW output for any given value of incremental cost, dynamic programming,= an allocation problem,generate a set of outputs, at discrete points, for an entire set of load values,rate limit,38,2.2.9 Base point & participation factors, base point:,a given schedule,Load changes (by a reasonably small amount), new schedule,how much each generating unit needs to be moved (i.e., “participate“ in the load change),assume that both and exist,39,2.2.10 Economic dispatch versus unit commitment,ED,N units already connected to the system,Purpose,find the optimum operating policy for these N units,UC,N units available,a forecast of the demand to be served,Given that there are a number of subsets of the complete set of N generating units that would satisfy the expected demand, which of these subsets should be used in order to provide the minimum operating cost?,Problem,Problem,a given demand to be served,Definition:,may be extended over some period of time ( 24 h or a week),more complex than ED,more difficult to solve mathematically,(integer variables),40,Chap.3 Unit Commitment,3.1 Introduction, Load variation:,Hourly,daily,seasonally, Unit commitment:,commit enough units and leave them on line, It is quite expensive to run too many generating units.,41, Example 5-1: Unit combination,Unit 1:,Unit 2:,Unit 3:,Total load:,42, Example 5-2: Unit commitment schedule using shut-down rule, other constraints ? other phenomena ?,43,3.1.1 Constraints in Unit Commitment, Spinning reserve, Thermal Unit Constraints,Minimum up time,Minimum down time,Crew constraints, Other Constraints,Hydro-Constraints,Must Run,Fuel Constraints,be allocated between fast- and slow-responding units, or,be spread around the power system,“scheduled reserves“ or “off-line“ reserves,quick-start diesel or gas-turbine units,hydro-units,pumped-storage hydro-units,time to come up to full capacity,44,3.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods, Assumptions,must establish a loading pattern for M periods,have N units to commit & dispatch,M load levels & operating limits on the N units: any one unit can supply the individual loads, and any combination of units can also supply the loads, The total number of combinations enumeration (brute force),for each period (hour),for the total period of M,M =24 h, Solution methods,Priority-list schemes,Dynamic programming (DP),Lagrange relation (LR),45,3.2.1 Priority-list Methods, Example 5-3: Construct a priority list for the units of Example 5-1,the full-load average production cost,priority-list based on the average production cost,commitment scheme (ignoring min up/down time, start-up costs, etc.),46, At each hour when load is dropping, determine whether dropping the next unit on the priority list will leave sufficient generation to supply the load plus spinning-reserve requirements. If not, continue operating as is; if yes, go on to the next step., Priority-list Schemes, Determine the number of hours, H, before the unit will be needed again. That is, assuming that the load is dropping and will then go back up some hours later., If H is less than the minimum shut-down time for the unit, keep commitment as is and go to last step; if not, go to next step., Calculate two costs. The first is the sum of the hourly production costs for the next H hours with the unit up. Then recalculate the same sum for the unit down and add in the start-up cost for either cooling the unit or banking it, whichever is less expensive. If there is sufficient savings from shutting down the unit, it should be shut down, otherwise keep it on.,Repeat this entire procedure for the next unit on the priority list. If it is also dropped, go to the next and so forth.,Power Generation,Operation,and Control_2nd Edition 发电、运行与控制(592p, 1996, Wiley, Allen J.Wood,Bruce F.Wollenberg), page141,47,Step (1): Compute the minimum average production cost of all units, and order the units from the smallest value of min . Form the priority list. Step (2): If the load is increasing during that hour, determine how many units can be started up according to the minimum downtime of the unit. Then select the top units for turning on from the priority list according to the amount of load increasing. Step (3): If the load is dropping during that hour, determine how many units can be stopped according to the minimum up time of the unit. Then select the last units for stopping from the priority list according to the amount of load dropping. Step (4): Repeat the process for the next hour., Priority-list Schemes (another description),Optimization of Power System Operation 电力系统运行优化(623p,2009,IEEE-Wiley, Jizhong Zhu), page254,48, Check at the end of every hour of operation. if the load demand has fallen. If the demand has decreased check if the last unit in the priority list is dropped, the load demand can be met, satisfying the spinning reserve requirement. Status quo is maintained if the demand cannot be met., If it is possible to drop the unit in step I, then determine the number of hours “h“ before the unit is required again for service. If this “h“ is less than the shut down and start up times for the unit, it has to be left in service without removal., Then, calculate the cost of floating the unit within the system without supplying any generation and the cost of shut down and start up processes and if there is sufficient savings from shutting it down, and starting it again for service it can be removed., The process is to be repeated for the next unit on the priority list and continued., Priority-list Schemes (the third description),Ope