英语中省略现象.doc

高中英语语法之省略英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略，可分为以下几种情况：为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。、状语从句中的省略用法一、 如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式（am/is/are/was/were），可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。1、 when，while引导的时间状语从句e.g. Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street. When/While (I was) on my way to work, I met her.2、 if，unless，once引导的条件状语从句e.g. If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment. Ill not go to the party unless (I am) invited. Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished.3、 though，although，whether，no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的让步状语从句e.g. He was happy, though/although (he was) poor. Whether (she is) sick or well, she is always cheerful. No matter how/However hard the task (is), we must fulfill it in time.（注：从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时，只省略从句中的be动词形式）4、 as if，as though引导的方式状语从句e.g. He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if/though (he was) waking up after a long sleep. He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.（as if/though + to do表示一个将来的动作）二、 than，as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法：当不同的主语进行比较时，一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（be动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。e.g. He is taller than his brother (is). I have as much as confidence in you as (I have confidence) in him.三、 以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了it is，that is，there is/are。e.g. If (it is) possible/necessary, this old temple will be rebuilt. If (that is) so, I will call you back at 5:00 pm. There are only a few books in our school library, if (there are) any.、定语从句中的省略用法关系词的省略:关系代词that，which，whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时，可以省略；in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。e.g. The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa. I dont like the way (in which/that) you treat the girl.、虚拟语气中if及should的省略1、 当条件状语从句中有were，had，should等时省略if，把它们提至句首，形成倒装句。e.g. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. = Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.2、 Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。e.g. The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose weight.、不定式符号to的省略1、 感官动词see，hear，feel，watch等和使役动词have，make，let等后接不定式作宾语时，不定式省略to。(一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch)2、 do nothing but，cant help but等结构常接省略to的不定式。E.g. We didnt do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday. Hearing the news, she couldnt help but cry.3、 在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时，也保留be和have。E.g. My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didnt want to.、So和not的替代性省略用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，speak，suppose，think，Im afraid等连用e.g. Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? I suppose not.、日常交际中的省略在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分，而只保留对方希望了解的内容。在复合句或并列句中，也有省略主、谓、宾的情况。e.g. How many copies do you want? - (I want) Three copies, please. - Have you ever been to the Great Wall? - No, (I have) never (been to the Great Wall).省略句练习1. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II) A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned 3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see 4. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken 5. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春) A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited 6. When _ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春) A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 7. Though _ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷) A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 8. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002) A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 9. You re always working. Come on, lets go shopping. _ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春) A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That 10. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 11. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 12. It is easy to do the repair. _ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷) A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything 13. Thats an unpleasant thing to say about your father after _ hes done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that 14. As youve never been there before, Ill have someone _ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷) A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed 15. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? Not at all, _ . (NMET 1995) A. I have no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to 16. Does your brother intend to study German? Yes, he intends _ . (NMET 1998上海卷) A. / B. to C. so D. that 17. Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight? _ . (NMET 1999上海卷) A. Yes, Id like to go to the Grand Theatre B. Id like to, but I have an exam tomorrow C. No, I wont D. Thats right 18. You should have thanked her before you left. I meant _ , but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to 19. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 20. _ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷) A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not 21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will _ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷) A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else 22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither _ any end to their influence on mans lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there 23. I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! _ . (NMET 2004全国卷III) A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I Keys: 15 BCDBA 610 AADCA 1115 AACBD 1620 BBBBC 2123 BCB1.省略主语，主谓语或谓语的一部分a. 主语例句: 1 (I)Beg your pardon. 2 (It)Sounds like a good idea.b. 主谓语或谓语的一部分例句: 1(Is there)Anything I can do for you? 2(Is) Anybody here? 2.不定式符号to的省略3.不定式结构中动词的省略例句: 1 A:Would you like to come to the paety? B:Id love to(come to the party.) 2.They do not visit their parentys as much as they ought to(visit their parents).4.状语从句中的省略 状语从句的省略有以下几种情况：（1） 在状语从句中主语与主句的主语一致，同时从句中又含有动词be则通常可省去从句中的主语和动词be，留下其余部分。e.g.1.She stood at the gate as if （she was ）waiting for someone. 她站在门口好像在等人。e.g2. Dont speak until （you are ）spoken to. 有人对你说话时你才说。e.g.3 .Be careful while （you are）crossing the road. 过马路时要当心。e.g.4 .When (it is) heated, ice can turn into water. 冰经过加热能变成水。（2）若状语从句中主语是it，动词是系动词be，则通常可省去主语it及系动词be，留下其余部分。 e.g.1. Though (it was) cold，he still wore a shirt天气虽然冷，他还穿一件衬衫。 e.g.2. Come tomorrow if (it is) possible可能的话就明天来吧。 e.g.3. If (it is) so，you must get back and get it如果这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。 e.g.4.I11 buy a TV set if (it is) necessary如有必要，我就买一台电视机。（3）状语从句中的部分内容若与主句的部分内容相同，可将从句中的此部分内容省去。 e.g. He has no moneyIf (he has) any，he will give us他没有钱，如果有，他会给我们的。让我们先看下面几道历年高考试题：1.When_, the museum will be open to the public next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed(2002年上海春季试题)答案：A 。分析：When completed, 是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了it is, 原句可变为：When it is completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.2.Unless_ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited(2003年上海春季试题)答案：A 。分析：Unless_ to speak，是条件状语从句的省略，其之间省略了you are, 原句可变为：Unless you are invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.3.If_ the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.A. giving B. give C. given D. being given(1998年上海高考试题)答案：C 。分析：If_ the same treatment again, 也是条件状语从句的省略，其之间省略了he is, 原句可变为：If he is the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.4.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when_ at the meeting by my boss.A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned(2004年甘肃、青海等省市高考试题)答案：C 。分析：when_ at the meeting by my boss. 是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了I was, 原句可变为：It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when I was questioned at the meeting by my boss.5. When first_ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced(2004年吉林、四川等省市高考试题)答案：B 。分析：When first_ to the market, 也是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了they were, 原句可变为：When they were first introduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success.一时间状语从句的省略。这类从句主要由when，while，as soon as，once，until等引导。例如：1.When (he was) still a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.2.Dont leave the machine till (you are) told to.3.Ill let you know as soon as (it is) arranged.但要注意，before和after虽然也可以用作连词引导时间状语从句，却不能用于这类省略主语和be的结构。例如：The plan should be discussed once again before it is carried out.上句不能改为：The plan should be discussed once again before carried out.上句也可以改为：The plan should be discussed once again before being carried out. (句中before不是连词而是介词，后面的being carried out是V-ing形式短语作介词的宾语，整个句子是简单句，而不是复合句。二 地点状语从句中的省略。主要由where, wherever引导。例如：1.He is always ready to help others wherever (he is) needed.2.You can add some words to your composition where (it is) necessary.三 条件状语从句的省略。主要由if，unless引导。例如：1.She wont go to his birthday party unless (she is ) invited.2.The news is quite important to us, if (it is) true.但若if引导的是表示假设的虚拟条件句，虽具备条件，可不能用于这类省略。这时如果if从句的谓语动词中含有were，had，should，则可以用倒装省略，即将were，had或should提到句首，而将连词if省略。例如：Were it not for you, I would also go there with them.Had you come here earlier, you would have met him.Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.另外，当once作一旦，一经解，连接时间或条件状语从句，其主语与主句的主语相同或其主语为it + be时，常省略从句中的主语或it + be。例如：Once (it was) published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.Once (you) lose confidence, you can never expect to do your work well.四 让步状语从句的省略。主要由though，although，however，whatever，even if，even though，no matter how/what引导。例如：1.Though (he had been) defeated many times, he didnt lose heart.2.They worked very hard, though (he was) still rather weak.与if引导的虚拟条件从句不能用这类省略一样，as引导的让步状语从句同样不能省略。不过如果让步状语从句由as引导时，从句中的表语（一般是形容词或名词）或状语必须提前到as前，构成倒装。如果作表语的是单数可数名词，则还须省略不定冠词。例如：Poor as he was, he was honest.Hard as he tried, he still failed.Much as I like her, I wont marry her.Child as he is, he can express himself in good English.五 原因状语从句的省略。主要由because引导。例如：1.He decided not to watch the foot ball match because (he was) not himself.2.I forget to post the letter for you because (I was) too busy.六 比较状语从句的省略。主要由as，than引导。例如：1.In winter it is much colder in Beijing than (it is) in Shanghai.2.The project was completed earlier than (it was) expected.3.Mary is not so shy as (she was) a year ago when I first met her.七 方式状语从句的省略。主要由as，as if引导。例如：1.The old man sat at the corner alone, as if (he was) thinking of something.2.English is not so difficult to learn, as (it is) generally supposed.综上所述，不难发现：这些省略形式的状语从句大都以从属连词+形容词（副词、介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词或过去分词）构成的。省略后的句子不仅意思清楚，不会引起误解，而且结构紧凑，语言简练流畅，读起来明快生动。5.定语从句中关系词的省略6.虚拟语气中if和should的省略7.考查not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略 练习1.The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to2.The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are, not how they ought _.A. to B. to be C. be D. have been3.-Did you work in the lab every afternoon? -No, but sometimes, I wish I _.A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time4.-I hope the children wont touch the dog. -Ive warned them _.A. not B. not to C. not touch D. not do 5.Some students are going to China in summer vacation, and _.A.some are to America B. some going to America C. some to America D. some America6.The workers did all _ good care of the old man. A. they could to take B. they could take C. which they could to take D. what they could to take7.Of all the things in the world, I think life and love are _.A.very much precious B. more than precious C. the preciousest D. the most precious8.The photographs of other planets taken by satellite are clear than _.A. the earth B. those taken from the earth C. those of the earth D. of the earth9.why _? It is not very serious.A. to worry B. worry C. not worry D. you are worried10._ the road, dont forget to look both ways.A. As crossing B. While you cross C. While crossing D. Cross11.Chemistry is the science of substances _ the science of energy.A. and is physics B. or is physics C. and physics D. or physics is 12. Who broke the window? - _. A. Him B. He C. He broke D. It is him13.-Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. - Why _? John is sitting there doing nothing. A. him B. he C. I D. me14.-How do you find your missing pen? -_.A.Quite by accident B. I found it in my drawer. C. It writes well D. It was well kept by myself.15.-You must obey every word of mine. -_ I dont.?A. How if B. What if C. Such as D. Only if16.When _, the museum will be open to the public next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed17. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see18.I wont go to his party next time. It couldnt have been _ in fact.A. any better B. any worse C. so bad D. the best19. -Does Bill do his new job well? -_ his old job. I am afraid there is no hope for him.A. Not better than B. No better than C. Not so well as D. Not as well as20.-Leaving for Shanghai? -_.A. Soon B. Lately C. The other day D. Sooner21.The rent is expensive. Ive got half the space I had at home and Im paying _here.A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much22. Wait until we get a satisfactory one, will you? -I couldnt agree _, It sounds good to me.A. much B. worse C. more D. at all23. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?Not at all. _. A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to24. Let me introduce myself. Im Albert. _.A.What a pleasure B. Its my pleasure C. Pleased to meet you D. Im very pleased25. Do you mind my taking this seat？ _. A. Yes, sit down B. No, of course not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you cant take it26. I usually go there by train. Why not _by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going27. Unless_ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited28. Though_ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in29. The research is so designed that once _nothing can be done to change it.begins B having begun C. beginning D. begun 30. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if_ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see31. _, he doesnt want to go to school and keep in touch with the bad boys. A. As he is a student B. He is as student C. Student as he is D. As students he is32. The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they? _.A. I guess not so B. I dont guess C. I dont guess so D. I guess not33. In a way, I think we both won: I the game, but cousin Ed my _. A.friendship B. respect C. support D. favor34.