英语素材阅读理解解题技巧与训练.doc

高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家阅读理解解题技巧与训练 阅读是任何一门语言学科所不可缺少的。它是掌握一门语言学科最重要的手段之一。就英语学科而言，提高阅读速度、效率和质量是一个人英语阅读能力的集中体现。其中阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力；而效率和质量则是对所读文章信息做出合理的、符合逻辑的有效反馈。这种反馈主要通过理解题的设计来加以检测。综合阅读理解题设计和作答的诸多特点可将其大致分为主观理解题（信息提炼后做出主观归纳、判断或推理等）和客观理解题（从文章中直接获取信息）两种。 阅读速度阅读能力 客观理解题（从文章中直接获取信息）阅读效率、质量 主观理解题（信息提炼后做出主观判断、判断或推理等） 下面就阅读速度、主观理解题、客观理解题三方面加以阐述和分析一、快速阅读英语阅读中，速度是人们最普遍关心的问题之一。通过快速阅读，我们可以更广泛、更大量地阅读资料，猎取知识，增长见识，开阔眼界。通过大量阅读，频繁地接触语言材料，可以自觉或不自觉地学到或掌握大量的词汇和语汇，进一步熟练阅读技术，提高阅读能力，培养阅读兴趣和习惯。 那么，怎样的阅读速度才算是快速阅读，它对理解阅读材料产生的影响是什么？快速阅读中又存在哪些干扰因素？我们采取什么样的对策，掌握哪些技能就能达到理想中的阅读效果？具体说， 一、正确把握好快速阅读的速度与理解的关系 只注重理解而不注意阅读速度，阅读的效率、水平就难以提高，就会浪费很多的时间和精力。但阅读速度太快，理解上往往又会出现很大的困难； 处理好两者之间的关系，可分为三个阶段进行。第一个阶段是筛选阶段。每分钟阅读500个字符，重点放在文章的标题和每段的第一句和最后一句上，对文章的中心、作者的意图有个20-30%的了解。第二阶段为快速阅读阶段。就是说对我们已筛选出的信息作进一步的遴选，每分钟的阅读速度可保持在300个左右字符，达到70%的理解，再从中挑选出对我们有重要参考价值的内容。第三阶段是精研阶段。这一阶段，要达到90%以上的理解，力求准确把握作者的观点，融会贯通，根据其利用价值进行取舍。在提高阅读速度的初期，理解的降低是正常的，不必大惊小怪，只要继续以此速度读下去，就会发现理解会渐渐回升上来，达到原来速度时的理解水平。我们应该明白，一分钟读300字符且达到了70%的理解比一分钟读150字符而达到90% 的理解效率高得多。理解了这一点，我们在阅读的过程中，就可以减少一些不必的担心，从而更好地提高自己的快速阅读的能力。 二、 阅读过程中可能出现的障碍 1. 阅读行为习惯的影响 在阅读过程中，我们要有意识地克服行为上某些不良的阅读习惯。 (1) 出声读。因为眼睛的移动速度比舌头动作快。出声读不但影响速度，而且会分散一部分精力去注意自己的发音。 (2) 逐字读。许多常见词，如功能词，不需停顿单独理解。 (3) 默读。虽然没有大声读出来，但在脑中一字字读，也会影响速度，分散精力。 (4) 指读。以手指挨个指着读，有碍理解和速度。除非手指飞速移动，引导眼睛快看。 (5) 回读。眼睛回向移动，寻找先前读过的信息，而不是继续读下去以获取完整的概念。 2. 阅读中心理因素的影响 阅读时，除了克服不良的阅读习惯外，还要注意克服一些影响阅读和理解程度的不良心理因素： (1) 期望值过高 希望一次阅读就掌握所读材料。这种急于求成的心理状态，不仅影响阅读时的心境，也使得视觉器官和大脑都不能集中于阅读过程本身，阅读的效果自然不好。 (2) 过度重视阅读方法和技巧 由于阅读过程中过多思考阅读的方法、技巧等因素，而忽视了阅读材料及阅读本身的过程。从某种程度上讲，这会使我们注意力分散，阅读的兴趣自然大大减弱。 (3) 思想开小差 对文字视而不见，翻了许多页，但脑子里仍一片空白。这样就降低了我们的注意力，影响了正常思维。 三、正确掌握快速阅读的方法 面对繁杂的英语，要提高效率，发现对自己有利用价值的信息，就需要掌握如下方法： 1. 推测(prediction) 阅读正文前，就标题(如果有标题的话)来合理推测资料的大概内容，也可在读了二、三段之后预测下段内容。 2. 关键词句（key words and topic sentences）。 在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，注意抓主要的词句，找出段落中的主题句，从而正确领会文章的主要内容，并注意到是否对自己有利用价值。 3. 略读或浏览或跳读（Skimming） Skim有掠过的意思，又有从牛奶等液体上撇去的意思，转意为快速掠过，从中提取最容易取得的精华。用于阅读，意为快速读过去，取出读物中关键性的东西。我们把这种读法称之为快速浏览，领会大意。一般而言，通过标题可知道文章的主题。通过首段或末段发现作者的观点。 4. 扫读(Scanning) Scanning的意思是扫读或查阅，是快读或速读的一种。Scan就是通常所说的扫描。其特点是快，但又要全部扫及。从形式上看，扫读是粗粗地一扫而过，一目十行，但从读者的注意力来看，却又是高度的集中，在快速阅读中仔细挑出重要的信息。（如人名、地名、日期、价格等）5. 速度变换(Reading rate) 阅读过程中的速度是不均匀的。即使同一个人阅读同一份材料，在开始、中途和结束时的速度也不可能一样。读物的体裁和难度不同，阅读的速度也就不一样。我们不要过分焦虑自己的阅读速度，以免造成不必要的心理压力。6. 阅读习惯（Reading Habit） 从主观上要能克服注意力容易分散即所谓思想开小差的毛病，高度集中自己的注意力；从客观上克服各种无意中形成或由来以久的坏习惯，如摇头晃脑，抖动双腿，玩弄纸笔，念念有词等。这些小动作，也会分散注意力、影响思考，降低阅读速度。 四、 注重培养快速阅读的技巧 读外文书籍要做到一目十行。 1. 视幅要宽 意思是每一眼看的词要尽量的多。我们阅读表面是用眼睛看，实际是用脑子读，眼睛只是起了照相机镜头的作用。努力使自己的眼睛变成广角镜，把尽可能多的词能一眼尽收眼底。练习时主视区放在中间（即中间的3个单词）,两边单词用余视力扫视含有五个单词的短句练习:We have a color TV.含有六个单词的短句练习:Thats all I can engage for.含有七个单词的短句练习:He chooses a book from among these.含有八个单词的短句练习:Either you or he has to go there.含有九个单词的短句练习:Get up early, else youll be late for school.2. 视时要短 意思是第一眼和第二眼之间停顿的间隙要尽量短。我们阅读时，若视幅相同，谁的停顿时间短，谁就能读得快。 3. 意群要长 意思是每个视幅中不是让你把很多单个的单词都收进脑子，而是要善于从中摄取有意义的词组。这个有意义的词组就是意群。极慢的读者是一个字一个字地读，视幅就很窄，句子中间的停顿就多，而频繁的停顿必然妨碍正常的理解。快速阅读者是半句或一句句地读。视幅大大加宽，停顿的间隙少而短，获取的都是有意义的词组，因而理解全句或全段就能做到水到渠成。 The man in /the brown coat /was reading a book.As far as 700 B.C / man has talked about children / being cared for by wolf.4. 猜词要快通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索迅速猜测词义。a. 定义法如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即退火。It will be very hard but also very brittle-that is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是脆的意思。The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为牧人。b 同位法如：They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即城堡。We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是夜班的意思。c. 对比法She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but 一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。d. 构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等）Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词， 据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是可能性。e. 因果法The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为永远的，永久的。5. 读法要活一般说来，记叙文、说明文阅读材料总是按事情发展的先后而展开的，容易记住。故先读文章再做题为佳。议论文论述事物的逻辑性较强，先看题再进行有针对性的阅读更好。最后，再次提醒大家务必走出这个误区：读快了就会影响理解，读一篇文章总是细嚼慢咽，又查词典又翻资料，逐词逐句阅读，以便理解。事实上，读慢了就会导致读了下句忘了上句，结果把文章弄得支离破碎，除了知道最后两句或几个词外，不知文章所云。这样既耽误了阅读速度，又影响了对文章的整体把握和理解，因此，在阅读时，只有尽量快速阅读，才能强化对上下文之间的联系，综合分析文章，抓住文章主脉，融会贯通。 练习一：请你在两分钟内浏览下文每段的首尾句，提炼文章的主旨，领会作者的意图，并完成第60题。然后，通过扫读的方法，搜寻关键词，完成第61题。 B One of the qualities that most people admire in others in the willingness to admit ones mistakes.It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like“I was wrong about that,”and it is even harder to say,“I was wrong,and you were right about that.” I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago.He told me he had been the manager of a certain store in the neighbourhood where I grew up,and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons（in many countries,eggs are sold by the dozen and are put in cartons.）Then he related an incident（event,matter）and I began to remember unclearly the incident he was describing. I was about eight years old at the time.I went into the store with my mother to do some shopping.On that particular day,I must have found my way to the food department where the incident took place. There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there were lots of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons.The cartons were put three or four feet high.I must have stopped in front of the piles of egg cartons,Just then a woman came by pushing her shopping cart and knocked off the cartons,For some reason,I decided it was up to me to put the eggs back together,so I went to work. The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened.When he appeared,I was on my knees looking at some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken,but to him it looked as though I was the one who just did it He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs.I tried to explain,but it did no good.Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident,it is plain that the manager did not.（2002年广州市高考模拟试题）60According to this passage,many people will have a good opinion of those who_. Ahave never made any mistakes Boften make mistakes but correct them in no time Cadmit their mistakes Dforget other peoples mistakes easily61Which is the correct order of the following? a.I forgot all about the incident. b.I went into the store. c.A woman knocked off the egg cartons. d.I stood in front of the egg cartons. e.The manager reminded me of the incident. f.The manager didnt believe my explanation. g.I picked up the unbroken eggs. Ab;d;g;c;a;f;e Bb;d;c;g;f;e;a Cb;c;d;g;e;f;a Db;d;c;g;f;a;e（正确答案：60.C; 61.D）练习二：请你在两分钟之内，扫读文章的第一二段，搜寻关键词moon people和it, 然后适当放慢速度阅读上下文，找到第56，57题的答案。AIn 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers（探险者） landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the moon people they met. In turn, the moon people expressed their surprise. Why, they asked, are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space？H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The Chunnel, a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France, is now complete.But what about underground cities? Japans Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground systems, called Alice Cities. The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome（太阳能穹顶）would cover the whole city.Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earths space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness. H. G. Wells moon people would agree. Would you？(2002年全国高考英语试题)56. The explorers in H. G. Wells story were surprised to find that the moon people_ . A. knew so much about the earthB. understood their languageC. lived in so many underground citiesD. were ahead of them in space technology57. What does the underlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？A. Discovering the moons inner space.B. Using the earths inner space.C. Meeting the Moon people again.D. Traveling to outer space(正确答案：56.C 57 B)二、客观理解题阅读中，客观理解题主要包括两个方面：1、文章中一目了然，可直接找到答案 2、要通过细读才能从文章中找到答案。由此看出，“找”是关键，如何快找、找准，这是一个技巧问题。下面提供几种思路供参考：1.高考中，英语文章往往隐去标题。这固然给抓文章中心带来了困难。然而，英语的写作特点告诉我们：一般情况下，英语文章多是按“总-分-总”这样一个思路写的。因此，研读首、尾句，对快速找到答案有帮助。*When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your anger. But forgiveness is possible - and it can be surprisingly helpful to your physical and mental health (2004阅读C篇开头)To gain perspective, you may want to write a letter to yourself from that person s point of view. (2004阅读C篇结尾)65、The text is mainly written to explain _. A. how to keep yourself from being hurt B. how to stay mentally healthy C. how and when to remain calm D. why and how to pardon others 正确答案为D（关键词：helpful-why; forgiveness-pardon; write a letter-how）*The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April. According to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. (2003阅读B篇结尾)59What is mainly discussed in the text?AChildrens reading difficulties.BAdvantages of raising dogs.CService in a public library.DA special reading program.正确答案为D（关键词：program）2. 寻找对应词是阅读中值得注意的问题*Knowledge of the Japanese language is not necessary but good English skills and practical computer knowledge are basic requirements. (2004阅读A篇)59、 If you want to work in Japan you should _. A. have some working experience B. know how to use computers C. present good teaching plans D. speak several languages 正确答案为B（关键词：practical computer knowledge）*Excellent teacher training programs. (2004阅读A篇)57、We know from the text that those who are going to Japan will _. A. teach English only in Osaka B. receive a degree from a university C. have free accommodation D. get trained for the job 正确答案为D（关键词：trained-training）*The manager expects to meet and talk with successful applicants in Paris in June and July. (2004阅读A篇)58、Before going to Japan, you need _. A. to see the manager of NOVA France B. to take some computer courses C. to write a letter to Japan D. to find a place to live 正确答案为A（关键词：see-meet）3英语文章中，作者往往先叙述或介绍常人的观点、他人的态度、看法，然后再提出自己的想法或与之不同的观点，即作者本人的意图或事实真相及本文的主旨。两者之间常用 but 、 however 、 yet 、 in spite of 、 though 、 although 、 even though 、 even if 等连词，或 but in fact 、 on the contrary 等短语连接。要注意捕捉这些词（如1.中谈到的65题； 2.中谈到的59题）。再如：*However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment. (2001阅读C篇)65. What would be the best title for the text?A. Business and People B. Business Goes GreenC. Shopping Habits Are Changing D. Supermarkets and Green Products正确答案为B（关键词：howevert）*If you ask people to name the one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare,” “Samuel Johnson, ” and “Webster, ” but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English-William the Conqueror. (2001阅读D篇)70. What is the subject discussed in the text?A. The history of Great Britain. B. The similarity between English and French.C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror.D. The French influences on the English language.正确答案为D（关键词：but）4.数据换算New York , 10 November 5：27pm , yesterday . Biggest power failure in the citys history . The big electric clock in the lobby(大厅) of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in downtown Manhattan started(滴答) again at 5：25 this morning . It was almost on time. (2002阅读A篇)53How long did the power failure last?ANearly 12 hours. BMore than 12 hours.CNearly 24 hours. DMore than 24 hours.正确答案为A（关键词：5:27pm, yesterday-5:25 this morning）5按规律排序*Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi. (1998阅读A篇)54.Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary? a-Tom Brennan found the book in an office building. b-The book was shown to James Green. c-Cory Luxmoore arrived from England. d-The book was left behind in a taxi. A.a.b.c.d B.c.b.d.a C.a.c.d.b D.c.a.b.d 正确答案为B（关键比较：ac/ca; ab/ba倒叙）*When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine. Then she changed into her bathing dress. (1996阅读D篇)65. In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the followingthing which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothesb. Getting out of the bathing machinec. Paying 2 penced. Getting into the bathing machinee. Being taken down the beachf. Getting into the waterA. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f C. d, a, e, b, f, c正确答案为B（关键比较： dc/cd; ea/ae）三、主观判断题文章中没有现成答案，需要分析、概括、推理才能得出答案。捕捉信息、积极思考是做好“主观理解题”的关键，其中“思”是重中之重。如何“思”并思有成效？这是值得探索和研究的问题。1通过文章线索思解词义*Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily.Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don t regret their choice of study. (2004阅读E篇)74、The underlined word land in the last paragraph probably means _A. keep for some time B. successfully get C. immediately start D. lose regretfully 正确答案为B success more difficult（关键：social science majors- technically trained） more easily*In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers (探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the moon people they met. In turn, the moon people expressed their surprise. Why, they asked, are you traveling to outer space when you don t even use your inner space?H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. (2002阅读A篇)57. What does the underlined word it (paragraph 2) refer to?A. Discovering the moon s inner space. B. Using the earths inner space.C. Meeting the moon people again. D. Traveling to outer space.正确答案为B（关键：it-question）2. 根据文章的字面意思思推隐含的意思*It was the best night weve ever had., said Angela Carraro . who runs an ltalian restaurant on 42nd Street . We had lots of candles on the tables and the waiters were carrying candles on their trays . The place was full and all night , in fact , for after we had closed , we let the people stay on and spend the night here. (2000阅读A篇)52In what way was the night of November 9 the best night for Angela Carraro ?AShe had a taste of adventure.BBurning candles brightened the place.CBusiness was better than usual.DMany people stayed the night in her restaurant. 正确答案为C（关键：runs an Italian restaurant-full-best）*Betty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzles old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame, come back three and half hours later, and theyre still sitting on the sofa? Talking? (2001阅读E篇)71. What old Harold cannot understand or explain is the fact that_.A. he is treated as an outsider rather than a husbandB. women have so much to shareC. women show little interest in ballgamesD. he finds his wife difficult to talk to 3.5 hours正确答案为B（关键词：but: sitting on the sofa, talking - still sitting on the sofa, talking ）3. 根