英语基础写作指导与技巧(整理版).doc

基础写作指导一、 写一个完整的句子。这几句是正确的句子吗? 如果你认为有误, 该怎么改?1.The meeting will until 3:00.2.Work hard, you will succeed.3.I have a brother, who is a doctor.4. There are only 4 students take part in the class.二、句子类型。简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子.并列句: 主谓结构+ 连词(and, but, so, or) +主谓结构 (或更多的主谓结构)复合句: 引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构 (从句) (主句)三、五种基本的简单句。1.主语+不及物动词Birds fly.Buses run from dawn till midnight.We are studying hard.2. 主语+及物动词+宾语We have read many books.They do shopping at the weekend.We are learning English. 3. 主语+系动词+表语We are students.He became a scientist.That sounds good.4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He gave Tom a present.He offered me a job.5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 We made him our monitor.The manager thinks the plan practical. He will have his bike repaired.I wont have you speaking to your mother like that.四、过渡词（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats worse（3）表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second, oncenow, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers（4）表原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）（5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, sothat, suchthat （6）表条件的过渡词:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment（8）表示顺序的过渡词first, second, third, last firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally the first, the second, the third, the last to begin with, then, furthermore, finallyto start with, next, in addition,/besides, last but not least on the one hand, on the other hand for one thing, for another thing（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表强调的过渡词: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously（13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to（14）表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to（15）表总结的过渡词: in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that, As the proverb says, It goes without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （2）用于“承”的过渡词语 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily proved that,No one can deny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is more serious is that（3）用于“转”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,I do not believe that,Perhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why I feel that（4）用于“合”的过渡词语 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum upFrom this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must五、基础写作步骤基础写作的整体要求:1、 认真审题。读懂、读全题目所给信息。2、 对于文字提示的写作，根据内容和需要选择恰当的时态，确定5个要点，列出提纲。3、 对于表格提示的写作，不能逐句翻译，重组材料（有时会重组句子，调整所给要点的顺序），标出5个要点,列出提纲， 做到条理清楚，布局合理。4、 用自己熟悉的句型结构和词语，力求文理通顺，语言准确。没有把握的词句不要写，确定有把握的再锦上添花。1） 确定句子主干，特别是主语和谓语。没有则需变换或增添主谓。如： （1）参加人员全市各行各业6，000多人（2）活动感受为人们提供好书、方便购书、满足人们增长知识的愿望 （1）变换主语，增加谓语： 6，000 people from all works of life take part in the activities. （2）增加主语：主语用the Book Fair或用it指代. 此处谓语可并列：提供，方便（convenient 是形容词，用made it convenient），满足。The Book Fair provided good books for people, made it convenient to buy books and fullfiled/satisfied peoples expectations of increasing their knowledge. 2）确定语态：我们习惯用主动语态，若用主动语态不好表达可用被动语态。3）一个中文意思可能有几种英文表达，要注意词和短语的词性，比如：我成功了。可用：I succeed.（动词） I am successful.（形容词） I achieve success.（名词）不能说：I successful. 或 I success.又如：我对阅读没兴趣。I have no interest in reading.( 名词) 或 Im not interested in reading. （形容词）5、 遇到一时想不起来的词或短语，不会表达的句子，需变通。1） 可用同义词、近义词或短语代替。如：高度赞扬：sb be highly praised 不会写这个单词，则可用 think / speak highly of sb2）用相关的意思代替该词或句子，避免出错。如：这使我们能腾出更多的时间专心学习。若不会表达“腾