农林英语翻译答案.doc

翻译答案Unit 1a.Urban forestry involves (refers to / is concerned with) forestry activities introducing forestry from wild lands (fields) and countryside (rural regions) to populous cities where economy, culture, industry and business (commerce) are concentrated. Most metropolitan cities are currently prosperous but noisy (clamorous) with deteriorating ecological environment. People living in such a crowded and narrow city space suffer from a worsening (declining) physical quality. To develop urban forestry can beautify environment, purify air, reduce noise and adjust local climate (microclimate), so that the living quality of urban people can be improved. Generally, urban forestry has provided a new approach to the urban environmental problems.metropolitan 英metrpltnadj.大都会的；大城市的；宗主国的；大主教教区的n.大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民；有大城市气派的人deteriorating ditirireit. 恶化，变坏 ( deteriorate的现在分词 )ecologicali:kldkl adj.生态（学）的b. 社区的物质框架结构被称为它的基础设施。这些在城市里发挥作用的庞然大物可以被分为绿色和灰色两种。绿色结构是为乔木、灌木、草地所覆盖的区域，而灰色结构指建筑、道路、公用事业设备、停车场的所在。绿色结构是渗水的，土壤让水渗进去，自然地过滤掉污染物，然后水进入河流。灰色结构却不能穿透，它迫使水走向地面，入河之前一定要经过处理和清洁。作为城市绿色结构的树木，它们的作用和灰色结构不同，但尚无充分文字记载。由于树木没有量化的价值指标，因此没有把它们考虑进预算程序之中。城市绿色结构的大小、形态、方位可以被度量，它们在公用事业中发挥的作用可以进行准确计算。尽管灰绿结构对一个城市都很重要，但利用土地尽力营造绿色结构的社区就能避免更多污染物，使运营成本效力更高，因此更宜居住。不过对于地方政府管理者来说，平衡灰色和绿色结构就成为一个很严重的挑战。Unit 2A With the development of economy and progress of civilization in human society, there have been significant transformations in both peoples understanding about forests and social demands for forestry. As a result, more world attention has been widely paid to the function that forests play to maintain and improve ecological environment (the role that forests play in maintaining and improving ecological environment has drawn worldwide attention.). In 1992, UN Conference on Environment and Development bestowed priority on forestry (gave priority to forestry) and it became a political commitment (promise) of the highest rank. In addition, it was particularly emphasized in the meeting that nothing would be more important than forestry among the problems that the world summits dealt with. It is a distinct milestone in world civilization history to place forestry issues at such an unprecedentedly high position.transformationn.变化；转换；转换；变换b. 有关全球热带森林遭到乱砍滥伐、令人痛心的报道层出不穷，但是痛陈现存林木状况的报道却少之又少。事实上，联合国分支机构国际热带木材组织（ITTO）新近开展的一项研究，首次对热带森林管理现状进行深入调查。其发现虽然令人沮丧，但从中我们还是看到了一线希望。 ITTO调查的对象是“永久性森林地产”，也就是被ITTO所属33个成员国政府正式划作森林地域，从而受到某种形式的管理或保护的土地。它涉及国家森林公园和木材的特许经营，包括国营和私营。地产总面积达8.14亿公顷，约占全球热带森林面积的三分之二。此项研究报告的作者之一邓肯玻尔解释说，这一概念意义重大，因为我们不可能，也不值得对每一片濒临消失的小树林都一直进行保护以避免其被农田或住宅侵占。相反，政府应当集中精力养护好那些最具有商业和科学价值的森林。可是ITTO的研究人员却发现，在“永久性森林地产”中，仅15有着相应的管理方案，而能坚持贯彻执行这一方案的只有5。报告中提到，自1988年以来，森林管理取得了显著的进展，因为这不足5的面积总共仍相当于一个德国的大小。当年一项粗略的早期调查发现，热带地区国家中只有特立尼达和多巴哥对森林管理较为完善。但是，相对于同期已然消亡的森林而言，这片管理得当的森林显得无足轻重。Unit 5a. Agriculture still has /(shoulders / takes) the responsibility to feed the entire world in spite of / (despite) the serious (tough / big /severe ) challenge of climate change.Agriculture needs to produce more food, waste less, and make it easier for farmers to have their produce sent / (get their produce) to consumers. Besides, agriculture has to find ways/approaches/methods to reduce negative impacts resulted from environmental change including lowering greenhouse gas emissions，planning/managing food security and rural development as a whole, etc. Only through the development of agricultural high technology can the above be realized/All these are only possible through the development of agricultural high technology.b.无土栽培或水培法是一种在营养液（含有营养物质的水）中栽培植物的技术，它可以使用或不使用人工基质（如沙、砾石、蛭石、岩棉、珍珠岩、或锯末）为植物提供支持。水培法一词源于希腊词汇hydro（水）和ponos（劳作）的结合。水培园艺如日常园艺一样容易操作。两者都需要有充足的光照、水分供应和适宜的温湿度。但是水培法不使用土壤。自然条件下，土壤充当着储存矿物营养的角色，但土壤本身对植物生长来说并不是必不可少的。当土壤中的矿物营养物溶解于水时，植物根茎才得以吸收。若植物所需的矿物营养物由人工添加入其水分供应中，土壤就不再是植物茁壮生长所必需的条件了。几乎所有的陆生植物都能用水培法来栽种。这种技术还具有产量高，节水省地，保护环境的特点。Unit 6A Chinese agriculture has to choose the way of a low-carbon development which is characterized by being resources-saving, production-clean, environment-friendly and quality-efficiency-oriented. Therefore, in terms of technology, great efforts must be made to develop a series of key technologies and promote /spread their practical application, such as resources-saving technologies including energy-saving, soil-saving, water-saving, fertilizer-saving, insecticides-saving / pesticides-saving, seeds-saving, materials-saving and labor-saving technologies, and so on, technologies of reducing the use of agricultural chemicals and developing their substitutes, technologies of cultivating new plant species with high light absorption and carbon sequestration, technology of soil carbon sequestration, technologies of developing clean energies, technologies of developing clean environment-friendly production, technologies of poison-free disposal and reclamation of wastes, and so on.b.农业在食物生产、能源生产、自然资源管理及土地使用各环节中的重要作用使得它在向低碳经济转型的过程中占据了中心位置，因此，测量不同农产品和各种农业活动中产生的温室气体是非常重要的。通过一种从“摇篮到坟墓”的生命周期分析可计算出环境（生态）脚印。在这一分析系统中，通过量化和评估某一产品生命周期各个阶段（从资源的开发、原材料的使用和生产到该产品的生产、使用、重复使用直至其最终处理）所消耗的资源和在环境中的碳排放量可以评估该产品所有的潜在环境影响。农业生态脚印也是以这种方式计算得出的。Unit 7A The enactment of the City Planning Act in 1989 is a major milestone to re-establish and formalize (regularize) the urban planning system in China. But, there are still many deficiencies of the urban planning system in coping with the rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Some of these deficiencies can be traced back to the past planned economy era, and some are intrinsic problems of the City Planning Act. Attempts are being made (Experiments are taking place) in Chinese cities which aim to provide better guidance and supervision to urban planning and development control from a planned economy to a transitional one.B自然是一个无处不在，且环拥城市的整体。这一理念对城市的建造和维护以及每个居民的健康、安全和福利都有相当大的意义。不幸的是传统一直将城市和自然对立起来。城市是脱离自然的实体，甚至与自然格格不入，这样的观念主导着人们对城市的认识并继续影响城市的建设，由此恶化甚至带来许多城市环境问题，例如：空气和水受到污染；资源枯竭无法挽回；破坏力大的洪水频发；能源需求和建设维护成本都高于城市化之前；此外，许多城市遍布着丑陋景象。除了污染程度，新污染物的毒性和持久性，以及地球城市化范围等方面，那些困扰着古代城市的问题与现代都市的问题从本质上讲没什么不同。随着城市增长，这些问题变的更加紧迫，然而，它们仍被当作是独立的现象而与人类活动无关，对自然过程的忽视更加剧了城市问题。Unit 9AFamed for Oriental Venice, Suzhou tops all others cities in both the number and the artistry of gardens. Tracing back to the Spring and Autumn period, the earliest gardens in Suzhou belongs to the king of Wu. Recorded as the earliest private garden, Pijiang house dates from the 4th century Eastern Jin Dynasties. Following that, Suzhous art of gardening has undergone a history of 1, 500 years. Originated from the desire to feel the charm of mountains, forest and springs without going out of the noisy surr