词的六种构成方式.doc

词的六种构成方式 1.词缀法(affixation)：派生法(derivation)的一种，利用词缀(词根加前缀和后缀)构成新词。 Affixation (Derivation) - the formation of words by adding word affixes to a root. (derivative派生词) According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation - the formation of new words by adding prefixes to roots. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning Suffixation -Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots. Change the grammatical function of roots (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis. Prefixes - Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war, sub+sea Suffixes - suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. 2.转类法(conversion): 无须借助词缀(零位派生)即由一种词类转化为另一种词类。 例：名词转化为动词 He bused to the city.动词转化为名词 He likes a quiet smoke after supper.形容词转化为名词 There is only one black in my class.He was knocked out in the first round. (n.)Round the number off to the nearest tenth. (v.)The neighbors gathered round our barbecue. (prep.)The moon was right and round. (adj.)People came from all over the country round. (adv.) Conversion (zero-derivation, functional shift) -Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs. A change of grammatical function The different range of meaningConversion to nouni. Verb to noun-almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns.have a look/ try/smoke, take a walk/ glance/shower,make a move/ guess/ offer/ attempt, give a cry/ start/ shudderflow over-overflow, break out-outbreak, take in-intake1)doer of the action: cheat( one who cheats), cook, coach, flirt, help2)result of the action: catch ( what is caught), find, reply, reject, import3)tool or instrument to do the action with: cover (used to cover something), wrap, cure4) place of the action: pass ( where one has to pass), walk ( a place for walking), dump, divide, turn, retreat, hide-out5) state of mind or sensation: doubt, want, desire, love, taste6)event or activity: search, laugh, attempt, release, shut-down, intake, outbreak ii. Adjective to noun (full conversion, partial conversion)1. Words fully converted-a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or e(s).E.g. a white, a liberal, finals, a given, a drunk native- two natives, the natives language, young marrieds, newly-weds 2. Words partially converted do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind.E.g. the poor, the rich, the sick, the wealthy, the wounded, the accused, the sublime the comparatively rich, the very unfortunate, the most corrupt of them all3. Miscellaneous conversion: nouns from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions,etcE.g. Would you like a with or a without? 要不要人陪你？ Better to be an also-ran than a never-was. 宁做失败者，不当平庸人。 His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的争辩中有太多托词。 Life is full of ups and downs. Rubber gloves are a must if your skin is sensitive to washing powders.Conversion to verbsi. Noun to verb- Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns in a variety of ways. verbs of this kind are all transitive. 1) To put in or on NTo pocket the money to put money into the pocketTo can the fruit to put the fruit into cansbottle, garage, corner, shelve, list, cage2) To give N or to provide with NTo shelter the refugees to give shelter to the refugeesoil, butter, fuel, arm, grease, coat, finance,camouflage3)To remove N fromto skin the lamb to remove the skin from the lambcore, peel, juice, dust4) To do with NTo pump water to bring water with a pumpfinger, hand, hammer, brake, shoulder, eye5) To be or act as NTo nurse the baby to act as a nurse for the babycaptain, father, dog, ape, pilot, tutor, shepherd, monkey, wolf6) To make or change into NTo cash the cheque to change the cheque into cashripple, fool, knight, group, orphan7) To send or go by NTo mail the letter to send the letter by mailTo bicycle to go by bicycle (ship, telegram, boat, motor) ii. Adjective to verbThe verbs converted are semantically simple, that is, they can be used either transitively to mean to makeadj. or intransitively to becomeadj. e.g. dry, narrow, dim, dirty, smooth, war, cool, empty, slow, free, blind iii. Miscellaneous conversion 3. 合词法(composition)：把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成新词，可以构成复合名词、复合动词、复合形容词等。 Compounding(Composition)-Compounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stems. 例：blackboard, round-the-clock, proof-read Format Characteristics (differ from free phrases)Phonetic featuresCompound (not absolute) Free phraseStress on the first element Stress on the second elementSemantic featuresCompounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.A lot of compounds are transparent and the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. Grammatical featuresA compound plays a single grammatical role in a sentence. In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. Compound Free phrasefine art finer artion of compounds Formation Most compounds consist of 2 stems, but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationship within the words is considered complex.Noun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compounds (through conversion and back formation) Noun compounds According to the part of speech of the components:1) adj.+ n. : hard disk, soft drink, deadline, blueprint2) n. +n.: end product, mousemat, bar code, information highway3) adv. +n.: after-effect, overburden, upgrade4) gerund+ n.: chewing gum, reading lamp5) V-ing+ n.: ruling class, cleaning lady6) v. +n.: swearword, breakwater, driveway, jump suit7) n.+v.: toothache, nightfall, snowfall8) v.+adv.: sit-in, slip-up, follow-up, show-off9) adv.+v. : outbreak, outlet, upstart, onflow According to the syntactic relations between the components:1) determining: red tape, science fiction2) subject-verb: crybaby, sunrise3) verb-object: pickpocket, scarecrow4) subject-object: sugar cane( The cane yields sugar)5) coordinating: deaf-mute, transmitter-receiver6) appositive: girl friend Adjective compounds1) n. + adj.: fat-free, toll-free, dust-free, world-famous, homesick, bloodthirsty2) a.+a.: wet-cold, icy-cold, bitter-sweet, red-hot3) Ving+ adj.: freezing-cold, soaking-wet4) adv.+ adj.: over-cautious, all-round 5) n. +Ving: peace-loving, time-consuming6) n. + Ved: heart-felt, air-borne, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken7) adj./adv.+ Ving: easy-going, ever-lasting8) adj./adv.+Ved: newly-built, well-balanced, far-fetched, hard-won9) n.+n. +-ed: chicken-hearted, p10) adj.+n.+-ed: short-sighted, bad-tempered11) adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter12) v.+n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate13) prep.phrase: at-risk, in-your-face14) phrases or sentences: devil-may-care (不顾一切的), ahead-of-schedule dog-eat-dog, too-eager-not-to-lose champion, round-the-clock discussion Verb compoundsVerb compounds are mainly created either through conversion or backformation.e.g.nickname, machine-gun, honeymoon, outline; to speed-read- speed-reading, to proof read- proofreading, to sight-see-sight-seeing, chain smoke-chain smokerBack formed verb compounds are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes, -er, -ing,-ion, -etc. 4. 拼缀法(blending)：把两个词进行剪裁，取舍其中的首部或尾部，然后组合在一起构成新词。 例：smog (smoke + fog) motel (motor + hotel) helipad (helicopter +pad) Blendingis the formationof new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Head + tail: autocide (automobile + suicide)/ motel(motor+hotel)/ slurb / cremains / chunnel chunnel(channel+tunnel)/ camcorder (camera+recorder) /brunch Head + head: comsat (communications+satellite)/ telex / Amerind / sitcom (situation+comedy)/ FORTRAM/ psywar (psychological warfare) Head + word: medicare(medical+care) / Eurasia / telequiz(telephone+quiz) / atuocamp Word + tail: lunarnaut / bookmobile / workfare(work+welfare) / tourmobile The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns, very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 5. 逆成法(backformation)：去掉原有的后缀构成新词或逆生而成一个新词。 例：burglar变为burgle, editor变为edit, emotion变为emote Back-formation- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. i. Abstract nouns diagnose(diagnosis), donate (donation),enthuse(enthusiasm) ii. Human nouns edit(editor), loaf(loafer), sculpt(sculptor), beg(beggar) iii. Compound nouns and others babysit (babysitter), windowshop (windowshopper), housekeep (housekeeper), eavesdrop (eavesdrop), henpeck(henpecked) iv. Adjectives drowse (drowsy), laze (lazy) 6. 缩略法(shortening)：缩略词的首部或尾部等形成一个新词。 例如：aeroplane缩为plane, memorandum 缩为memo, exposition缩为expo 首字母缩略词: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) IMF (International Monetary Fund) i. clipped word: is a method of making a word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. a.Back clipping (apocope): ad (advertisement), auto (automobile), dorm ( dormitory), memo (memorandum), disco ( discotheque), expo (exposition) b.Front clipping (aphaeresis): quake ( earthquake), scope ( telescope), plane ( aeroplane), phone ( telephone) c.Front and back clipping: flu (influenza), fridge ( refrigerator) d.Middle clipping (syncope): bike (bicycle), fossilation (fossilization), specs ( spectacles), curtsy ( courtesy), maths (mathematics) e.Phrase clipping: daily ( daily paper), pub (public house), pop (popular music), finals (final examinations) In some cases, clipping gives rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciation. People often omit one or two syllables. E.g. mike for microphone; dub for double(配音), telly for television ii. initialism: are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters.Its one of the word formations of acronymy.E.g. IOC ( International Olympics Committee) UFO ( unidentified flying object) VOA (voice of America) VI