APA格式reference写法.doc

一. Reference的三种类型: 从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1, 从书上引用的ref,格式: 作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example: Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman.2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example: Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Womens Studies Journal, 18, (2), 79-963,从网站引用的ref, 格式 作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站 Example: Adler, M. (2005). Womens Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th September, 2005 from:t.nz.(注意: 网站另起一行)二, reference 的注意事项: 1, 如果 reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example: Rosener, J. (1995). Americas competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management strategy. USA: Oxford University Press.2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列6,一般情况下,1000字,至少四个reference.这里需要强调一点：国外治学严谨，reference一定要做好！我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴 (这在国外被界定为抄袭)国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了一旦发现抄袭，轻则挂科，重则拿不到学位，诚信记录还要被写上一笔你可以翻译中文也可以用自己的话把句子转述一遍但是直接引用和一个句子只改2、3个单词是一样会被判抄袭的！To develop a community profile (社区分布）for one Australian Local Government Area (LGA) of your choice, (excluding the City of Boroondara) using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census available from the ABS website. The focus of the demographic profile will be to describe up to three cultural characteristics of the population within your chosen LGA, and look at changes that have occurred from 2001 to 2006. Examples of cultural characteristics are ancestry, birthplace, language spoken, year of arrival in Australia, religious affiliation, English proficiency, and indigenous status. You are expected to synthesise (综合）the information available, not just replicate （折叠，复制） the tables that you can download. For example, you may choose to group a Census table detailing individual birthplaces into categories, and then show the proportional distribution - not just the number by birthplace; or from Year of Arrival in Australia you may derive the number of years living in Australia. In other words, you are required to analyse and summarise the information you find into your own summary tables and charts. In your demographic profile you should include summary tables, charts and commentary to support the graphs and tables. You should make use of data from both the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census (e.g. using a combination QuickStats, MapStats and Census Tables. 制定一个社会形象之一澳大利亚地方政府区（儿）您的选择， （不包括城市Boroondara ）使用数据从2001年和2006年人口普查可从澳大利亚统计局的网站上。重点人口的个人资料将被描述三个文化特色的人口与您所选择的客房，并期待在发生的变化2001年至2006年。实例文化特色的血统，出生地，语言，一年的到来在澳大利亚，宗教信仰，英语水平，和土著人的地位。您预计合成提供的资料，而不只是复制的表格，您可以下载。例如，您可以选择A组的普查表，详细个人出生地分为几类，然后显示比例分配-不仅是数量的诞生地;或年在澳大利亚到达您可能会获得数年生活在澳大利亚。换句话说，您需要进行分析和总结的资料您发现到您自己的总结和图表。在您的人口状况你应该包括汇总表，图表和评论，以支持图表。您应该使用的数据从2001年人口普查和2006年人口普查（例如使用相结合QuickStats ， MapStats和普查表。In your report Your report should be structured to include the following: A brief description of the LGA. An overview of the information you are presenting in your community profile. Your findings. Summary and conclusions. Agbetoye, O. and A. Oyedele, (2005). Development and Testing of a Dual Grain Sifter. Proceeding of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers, NIAE/2005/192, 192-193. Aulich, C. (1999), From convergence to divergence: reforming Australian local government, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 58 (2):12-23. Bangura, Y.(2006). Introduction: Ethnic Inequalities and Public Sector Governance in Y. Bangura ed. Ethnic Inequalities and Public Sector Governance, Basingstoke, HA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-28. Census Data (2006). Australian Bureau of Statistics. From.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ProductSelect?textversion=false&areacode=1&subaction=1&action=201&period=2006&collection=Census&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=L&.Census Data (2001). Australian Bureau of Statistics. From.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ProductSelect?textversion=false&areacode=1&subaction=1&action=201&period=2001&collection=Census&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=L&.Fanthorpe, R. (2006). On the limits of limit peace: Chiefs and democratic decentralization in post-war Sierra Leone, African Affairs, 105(418):27-50.Mustapha, A. R. (2000). Transformation of Minority Identityies in Post-Colonial Nigeria in A. Jega ed. Identity Transformation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute and Centre for Research and Documentation, 94-119. Mustapha, A.R. and E. L. Jones (2003). Change, Chieftaincy and Conflict in Three West African Communities. O. Vaughan ed. Tradition and Politics: Indigenous Political Structures and Governance in Africa, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Obasanjo, O. (2003). Address presented to the Inauguration of The Technical Committee on the Review of the Structure of Local Government Councils in Abuja, June 25, 2003, accessed at /speeches.html.Patterson, A. and Pinch, P. (2000), Public sector restructuring and regional development: the impact of compulsory competitive tendering in the UK, Regional Studies, 34 (3):265-267. Premdas, R.R. (2006). Ethnic Conflict, Inequality and Public Sector Governance in Trinidad and Tobago. Y. Bangura ed. Ethnic Inequalities and Public Sector Governance, Basingstoke, HA: Palgrave Macmillan, 98-119.R.M. Davies, M.O. Olatunji, W. Burubai. (2008). Mechanization of Cassava Processing in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(3):341-345.Sklar, R. L. (2004) “Foundations of Federal Government in Nigeria” in A. Agbaje, L. Diamond and E. Onwudiwe (eds.) Nigerias Struggle for Democracy and Good Governance: A Festscrift for Oyeleye Oyediran, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 3-17. Sklar, R.L., E. Onwudiwe and K. Darren. (2006). Nigeria: Completing Obasanjos Legacy, Journal of Democracy,17(3):100-115. Ukoha Ukiwo. (2006). Creation of Local Government Areas and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria: The case of Warri, Delta State. CRISE West Africa Workshop, 3. Vickers, M. (2000). Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Nigeria: Movement for a Mid-West State, Oxford: Worldview Publishing.基本要求1.格式平时的小作业有essay 和 report 两种格式essay - 结构分为introduction, main body, 和 conclusion. 不用太复杂的结构Report - 要有 executive summary, 结构要求很高，文章分为几个部分，每个部分都要有大标题，下面还要有副标题，等等。(可以参考一起附上的report例文的结构)2.References问题文章一定要有references (参考文献),l 就是引用别人文章中的观点，但是这个引用不能整断整段的直接用书上，网上的文章，或者杂志上的文章的内容。如果一段话中有超过三个词是引用的，就要表明references. (如果完全是用自己的语言将别人的观点说出来了，引用的词是两个或更少，就可以不用标出references)。如果整段要直接引用原话，要用引号标出，而且这样的引用的比率不能超过全文字数的5%。l全文注明references的文字,就是引用的文字不能超过全文字数的30%.lReferencesl （参考文献）可以是书，也可以是学术杂志上发表的文章，或者网上的文章，但是引用的文章最好大多数是近十年的文章，而且References一定要按照正确方法标注。 References 在文中是在文中用自己的话说出别人书中或文章中的内容后，用括号标出作者和年代，而在文后的references列表中一定要用Harvard references system的格式来标出参考文献。参考文献的数量也是有要求的，一般是每1000 字要有5个references.3字数问题字数也是要按照要求写的，否则会扣分文后的references列表和附录 （appendix）是不算字的。比如，文章要求如果是4000字，那正文的字数就是4000 +/- 10% 字。 如果要求no more than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能超过4000字。 如果要求 no less than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能少于4000字。 如果要求4000-4500 words, 那正文的字数就要写4000-4500字之间。4人称问题因为写的作业都属于学术文章，所以不能用第一人称（I, we, in my opinion,） 这样主观的说法, 可以用被动语态。不能说 I DO STH， 要说 XX HAS BEEN DONE。特别是写REPORT的时候，l 老师喜欢看到被动语句5Introduction和Executive summary 的区别Introduction: 不能在introduction说出文章的结论，introduction是对文章的要写内容的介绍，结构的介绍。Executive summary: 阐述文章得出的finding, conclusion, recommendations. （这个文件的最后几页有两者比较的具体阐述，如果需要可以看看。）写作内容注意事项1.英国人的思维是反方向的，所以，我们写东西也要这样。不要在文章开始就写出结论（你自己的观点），而是要先阐述能验证结论的论证，最后在得出结论。比如我们的习惯，是先有观点譬如：我想吃蔬菜，（