前后一致--主谓一致代词指代一致yo16.doc

前后一致前后一致 AGREEMENT 主谓一致主谓一致1 特殊名词的单复数特殊名词的单复数1 主谓很近主谓很近1 主语，插入语，谓语主语，插入语，谓语1 主语主语 of/for/with n 谓语谓语, 从前不从后从前不从后2 主语主语 谓语谓语 1 and 谓语谓语 2， 两个谓语单复一致，都是跟随主语两个谓语单复一致，都是跟随主语2 代词指代一致代词指代一致2 It 第一次出现却没有指代对象第一次出现却没有指代对象-错选的特征错选的特征2 代词指代不明确（指代对象有多个）难点代词指代不明确（指代对象有多个）难点3 指代单复数指代单复数4 指代用词不准确指代用词不准确5 主谓一致 特殊名词的单复数特殊名词的单复数 OG12-77 The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit OG12-80 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come from the incineration of wastes. OG12-5 Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer. 主谓很近主谓很近 OG12-2 Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is fi nally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last. OG12-13 A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought. OG12-55 Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later. OG12-129 Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the 4,000 Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added 主语四种语言，谓语用复数 主语，插入语，谓语主语，插入语，谓语 OG12-12Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth. OG12-68 The fi rst trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.（社会）和那 些著名的美索不达米亚南部的城邦同时但独立地兴起，也就是在现在伊拉克南部。 OG12-95 The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as “standing waves.” 主语主语 of/for/with n 谓语谓语, 从前不从后从前不从后 OG12-33 Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month. 错选：because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,这里 which 修饰 prices，里面 要用 are OG12-60 While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal. OG12-78 Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands OG12-27 Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone （unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old） provide evidence of a crucial step along the volutionary path that led to human beings. OG12-133 Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemps ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles. 主语主语 谓语谓语 1 and 谓语谓语 2， 两个谓语单复一致，都是跟随主语两个谓语单复一致，都是跟随主语 OG12-66 The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods. OG12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses. OG12-140 Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid (that eradicated the dinosaurs) have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth. 代词指代一致 平行平行代词指代一致，无论怎样，代词出现都不能破坏平行代词指代一致，无论怎样，代词出现都不能破坏平行 It 第一次出现却没有指代对象第一次出现却没有指代对象-错选的特征错选的特征 OG12-4 Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, perhaps none was more concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades. 错选：perhaps/maybe it is none that.这里的 it 没有指代任何东西，没意义，去掉 OG12-9 Like the Bronts and Brownings, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are often subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human being. 错选：as it is of it 第一次出现，不知道指代什么 OG12-29 The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest whenever they were put on show. 错选：it excited/ it had excited 这里 it 没有指代对象，错，而且破坏平行 OG12-57 It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970. 错选：be said that it is their faultit/ be said that it is the fault ofit 这里 it 没有指代对象 OG12-71 Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit and thereby activate the animated functions of the piece. 错选 C exhibit，and it will activate 这里的 it 没有指代对象，因为前面的 touch 是 V 的 OG12-89 century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do (to maintain dirt roads and paved roads) 错选：D maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as it does for paved roads，这里的 it 没有指代对象 代词指代不明确（指代对象有多个）难点代词指代不明确（指代对象有多个）难点 -错选的特征错选的特征 一般代词和指代对象之间不要离得太远，或者之间不要出现其他名词，容易导致指代对象不明确-代 词和指代对象中间不能有其他名词（换位置换位置）,或改成伴随状态/直接写明去掉代词（去去 it/they/one） 当出现“从句，主语”结构时，注意从句的主语是谁，主句的主语和宾语位置变换会影响到从句的主语- -从句和主句逻辑主语和语法主语要一致（换位置）（换位置） OG12-6 In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls. 换位置 C:because tourists were exhaling moisture,which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that其中 which 从句如果修饰的 because 从句（本身不对） ，就算可以这么修饰，其中的 them 变成指代 tourists 也改变了题意， 变成游客提升了湿度。 D:because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so 其中 raising.既可 以修饰 tourists 也可以跳跃修饰 moisture,如果是跳跃修饰需要加连接词 that/which，然后 them 变成指代 tourists 不对。E 中中 them 清晰指清晰指 chambers OG12-121 Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease. 错选 they 在原句中指代 sales，如果换了位置，并且前面出现大于一个的名词时，就会出现修饰对象不明确的 情况。排除 BD.而且 CE caused them 这里的 them 离 sales 好远，容易指代错误 代词换位置 OG12-23 Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in fl ight and resulting in longer throws. 错选：文中的主语是 discus，不是 weight，而 AB 中第二句中主语 it 指的是 weight，错 换位置 OG12-58 A leading fi gure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marxs Das Kapital is to socialism. 未划线部分 a leading figure 指人，即 Adam，所以 ABC 中紧 跟着 books 错误 换位置 OG12-47 Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975. 错选：and it brings/brought 这里的 it 不知道是指代 sea eagles 还是 Summer,nest 反正指代不明确 去 it OG12-75 A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals horns have been trimmed. 错选：AB 中 after their horns are,这里的 their 可以指代 RHINOCEROSES 和 TOURISTS,歧义,要直接说明。BE 中 see one 里面的 one 很暧昧。 写明对象，去 one OG12-78 Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands 写明对象，去 it 错选：代词指代不明，因为 sloth 只是前面句子的宾语，所以后面指代时不能单纯用 it/this，要明确写出 sloth。 OG12-101 Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. 错选 A 中makes it likely to ,这里的 it 可以指代 executive， course of action，不明确 C course of actionsignstrouble,这里的 it 指代也不明确 去掉 it OG12-102 As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited. C where they had.they 可以指代 mva 或者 other clans 去掉 they OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany 错选：A it 可以指代 france，nuclear power，不明确；E it 可以指代 Germany 或者 energy 或者 nuclear power， 不明确；排除 去掉 it OG12-112 A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind. 错选：A as a babay with a sense of vision, it., or.if it were.这里的两个 it 逻辑上应该都指代 baby，而语法 上他们第二个指代 baby，第一个指代 sense of vision，所以错 去掉 it OG12-7 As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in the past have conceded to rivals 当代词和他所 指代的名词离得太远的时候，就会出现指代不明的错误。 OG12-46 In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on （construction and decoration） of the temples in which they were enshrined.（这里 they 指 buddha images） OG12-103 Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the worlds social wasps,(wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of femalesthe queen and her sterile female workers.) 括 号内的东西都在修饰 wasps 指代单复数指代单复数 OG12-30 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears. 错选：as a method/protection to protect 这里 items 是复数，指代不能用单数 a method，错 OG12-32 Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena,（ as manifestations of the laws of physics, ）would appear the same to someon （on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water） as to a person （standing on land）.这样一个自然现象,对不管是在坐船在水面上滑行还是站在地面上不动的人来说,船表现都 是一样的。错选：water, as it would to the 这里 it 不能指代 phenomena，phenomena 是复数 OG12-91 Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the diffi culty of distinguishing between a language and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found about fi ve thousand. 注意 dis tinguishing between a language and the.within it,这里的 sublanguages and dialect 是 a language 中的分支，所以 within 是 within a language，所以要用 it。如果指代的是 many languages，则用 them。 OG12-35 Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures released today seem to indicate that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession 错选：like it is indicative that，这里的 like 本身错，就算对了，里面 it 指代 sales figures 也错，要变成 they OG12-124 Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.如 果用复数人家以为指代 trees OG12-1 The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, who so named them supposedly because their sheer wet rocks glistened like glass. OG12-132 Although the term “psychopath” is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in psychology it refers to someone who is apparently incapable of feeling compassion or the pangs of conscience. OG12-73 Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path,（前面只讲了一种 path，不用 paths ） but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction. OG12-40 Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an invading microbe or foreign substance. OG12-85 Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. 划线的 that 从句修饰 civillizaion，代词不能用复数 those。 OG12-139 The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected and that its business would improve in the second half of the year. 错选：it 不能指代 profits，要用复数 they/them，排除 A had expected it to; C Eexpected it would and htat it will; 而且就算用了也累赘啊，想办法避免。而且根据题意，本身 expect 的宾语就是 analyst，再加上 it 或者 they 都 不必要 指代用词不准确指代用词不准确 指代上文的人，用 many of whom,不用 many of them 固搭，指代上文用 withou