感叹句、祈使句、反义疑问句.doc

感叹句1、 定义：表达欢喜、悲伤、惊讶等感情的句子称为感叹句。一般以疑问词what或how起始，而以惊叹号终结。2、 感叹句通常有以下形式： （一）由感叹词what引导的感叹句：what意为多么用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。 1.What修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式： What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！ What+名词词组+主语+谓语！ 如：（1）What an apple this is! （2）What a fine day it is! 2. What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！ 如：（1）What beautiful flowers they are! 这些花多么漂亮呀！ （2）What nice music it is! 注意：在感叹句中，What a / an 常用来修饰单数可数名词，若其前面的形容词为元音开头，则用 an。what 是用来修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。但有些不可数名词，如 rain, surprise, breakfast, lunch 等，当前面有形容词修饰，使抽象名词具体化时，则要用 what a / an，如：（1）What a heavy rain it is! 多大的一场雨啊！（2）What a great surprise it is! 这多么令人惊奇啊！（3） What a rich breakfast it is! 多么丰盛的一顿早餐啊！（二）由How引导的感叹句。 How用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。how意为多么，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！ How+形容词+ a an +名词+S+V ! 如：（1）How clever the girl is! （2）How quickly the boy is writing! （3）How kind a man he is! 他这个人真好！ 注意：当how修饰动词时，“how+主语+动词”构成，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。 E.g.（1）How I missed you！ 我多么想念你啊！ （2）How youve changed! 你的变化真大! （三）what与how引导的感叹句，what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词。 一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。 如：（1）What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is! （2）What a beautiful building it is!=How beautiful the building is! 三、练习:( )1. _ a nice watch it is!(1998山东)A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. How a( )2. _ bright girls they are!(1998浙江)A. WhatB. What aC. HowD. How a( )3. _ interesting the film is!(1998湖北) A. WhatB. What anC. HowD. How a( )4. _ sunny day! Lets go out for a walk.(1999江西)A. How aB. How C. What aD. What( )5. _ hard work it is!(1999浙江) A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an( )6. _ day it is! Its rainy again. (1999江西) A. How bad B. What a bad C. How fineD. What a fine( )7. _ great day July 1,1997 will be! (1999上海) A. How aB. What aC. How D. What( )8. _ expensive trousers!(1999浙江) A. WhatB. What aC. How D. What an( )9. _ girl she is!(1998河北) A. What bright aB. How a brightC. How bright aD. What bright( )10. _ weather we have today!(1983上海)A. A fineB. What a fineC. How a fineD. What fine( )11. _ careless he is!(1986吉林)A. WhatB. HowC. So muchD. How much( )12. _ from Beijing to London!(1993黑龙江)A. How long way it is B. What a long way is itC. How long way is itD. What a long way it is( )13. Oh, John, _ you gave us!(1990内蒙古)A. How a pleasant surpriseB. How pleasant surpriseC. What a pleasant surpriseD.What pleasant surprise( )14.Whichistrue? AHowtallthebuildingsare! BWhattallthebuildingsare! CHowtallbuildingstheyare! Dwhatatallbuildingstheyare!( )15._fun it is to play computer games when were free. A.What a B.What C.How a D.How( )16. _exciting news! Weve never had _long vacation before. A.What;such a B.How; such a C.What an;such a D what; so a （ ）17.! You should take this chance to attend it. A.How important conference is it B.How an important conference it is C.What an important conference is it D.What an important conference it is （ ）18.for us to surf(冲浪) on the sea in summer! A.What exciting is it B.How exciting is it C.What exciting it is D.How exciting it is ( )19.he gave that we should take more exercise in our spare time! A.What a good advice B.How a good advice C.What good advice D.How good advice 祈使句1、 定义：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。 2、 祈使句的形式： 肯定结构: 1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。 Let+第一人称（me，us）. Let+第三人称代词（宾格：him，her，it，them）或名词. 如: （1）Let me help you. （2）Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. 否定结构: 1.Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont构成。如:（1）Dont forget me! （2）Dont be late for school! 2.Let型的否定式有两种:如果宾语是第三人称用Dont let.；如果宾语是 第一人称 ，则用Let.not “Dont + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分” “Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。 如:（1）Dont let this type of things happen again. (2) Its raining now. Lets not go out until after the rain. 3.有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 3、 祈使句的反意疑问句： a, Lets表示说话人向对方提出建议，此时包含听话者在内，所以简短问句的主语用 we表示，问句用 shall we或 shant we 如： Lets have a cup of tea,shall we (shant we) ？ b. Let me或 Let us表示听话人提出请求，此时不包含听话者在内，问句用 will you或 wont you . E.g. Let me have a rest,will you (wont you ) c . 其它的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句，通常用will you/wont you.如：(1)Have a rest, will you? (2)Stand up, will (wont) you?四、练习： ( ) 1 .Her doctor said: “_ work so hard” A Stop B Dont C Cant D No ( ) 2. Sandy, _ to be here at 8 oclock A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure ( ) 3._ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D To be careful( ) 4. _him the secret, will you?A Dont tell B Not to tell C Not telling D No telling ( ) 5._ in bed. Its bad for your eyes. A Not to read B Dont read C Dont to read D Not read ( ) 6. _ Your child. Well look after him. A Not to worry about B Dont worry aboutC Not worry for D Dont worry with ( ) 7.They are very tired. Why _ have a rest? A not they B do not they C dont they D not to( ) 8 -You look rather tired. _ stopping to have a rest? - All right. A Why not B How about C Why not to D why dont( ) 9 _ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never ( ) 10. Please _ look outside. Look at the blackboard. A not B do C arent D cant ( ) 11. Why dont you join us in the game? A What not B Why not C Why to D How to( ) 12 _ go for the book alone, Ms Zhang. A Lets B Let me C Let us D Allow( ) 13 John, read the text for us,_? A does he B will he C do you D will you ( ) 14. Lets do it at once, _ ? A shall we B will you C do we D do you ( ) 15. Let us do it at once, _ ? A shall we B will you C do we D do you （ ）16._ straight on and youll see a church. You wont miss it. A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going（ ）17.Start out right away, _ youll miss the first train. A. and B. but C. or D. While（ ）18.Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are. A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming（ ）19._ and Ill get the work finished. A. Have one more hour B. One more hour C. Given one more hour D. If I have one more hour ( )20. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter,_? A. do you B. can we C. will you D. shall we ( )21. Alice, you feed the bird today,_? But I fed it yesterday. A. do you B. will you C. didnt you D. dont you( )22.Dont smoke in the meeting room,_? A. do you B. will you C. can you D. would you( )23. Its a fine day. Lets go fishing,_? A. wont we B. will we C. dont we D. shall we( )24.Lets go to a movie after work, OK? _ A. Not at all B. Why not? C. Never mind D. What of it?( )25.Write to me when you get home. _ A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can( )26. Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. _ A. No. I dont. B. No. I wont. C. No. I cant. D. No. I havent.反义疑问句一、 定义：反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，当我们陈述了一个事实，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陈述句后加一个简短问句，称为反意疑问句。二、 其基本结构有两种：一是“肯定陈述句简略否定问句”；二是“否定陈述句简略肯定问句”。三、反意疑问句的解答步骤： 1. 判定（判断该用肯定还是否定）；2. 找动（找句子的助动词：be用be,动词原形do，三单does，过去did，完成have）；3. 换代（将主语换为代词）；四、反意疑问句的类型总结：1.be动词（is, are, was, were）的句型：现在：主语+is (are), isnt (arent) + 主语？过去：主语+was (were), wasnt (werent) + 主语？（1） He is your uncle, isnt he?（2）You are not students, are you ?（3） The Greens werent at home last night, were they?2. 一般动词(play, study, watch 等)句型：现在：主语+play/plays, dont (doesnt) + 主语？过去：主语+played, didnt + 主语？ (1) Your mother likes cooking, doesnt she?(2) He has an apple, doesnt he?3. 情态动词(can, will)的反意疑问句：主语+can/will , cant /wont + 主语？(1 )Tom can swim very well, cant he?(2) They wont come, will they?4. 完成时的反意疑问句：主语+have/has+过去分词, havent (hasnt) + 主语？(1) You have heard of him, havent you?(2 )He has been to America, hasnt he?5. There be 句型的反意疑问句:There is/are/will be, isnt/arent /wont there？(1 )There are 60 students in our class, arent there?(2 )There was nothing in the fridge, was there?6.当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。例如： He is never late for school, is he? 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的，其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如：It is unfair, isnt it? 这不公平，是吧？7. 当陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they，但亦可用he，尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。如：Nobody wants to go there, does he? Everyone is here, arent they? 大家都到了，是吗？ No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事，对吗？ 8.当陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it不用they。例如：Something is wrong with my radio, isnt it? 我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？ 9.当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时，反意疑问句的主语用it，当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时，其反意疑问句的主语用they。例如：This is a plane, isnt it? 这是一架飞机，是吗？ These are grapes，arent they? 这些是葡萄，是吗？10.当陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one，也可用you。例如：One should be ready to help others, shouldnt one? 每个人都应该乐于助人，是吧？11如果陈述部分用Im结构，附加疑问部分一般用arent I。如：I am strong and healthy arent I。当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用you。如：I find English very interesting, dont you? 12当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose.)that.结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。若不是第一人称，则与主句的主语相一致。 例如： I dont think he will come, will he? He thinks that she will come, doesnt he?13.当反意疑问句的陈述部分为从句时，若主句主语为 I ，反意部分的主语为从句主语;若不为 I ，反义部分的主语为主句主语。（1）I know your father is a worker, isnt he?（2）she knows your father is a worker, doesnt she? 14当陈述部分是并列句，附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。如： Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldnt he?15. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare,且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句需用do的适当形式。例如：He needs help, doesnt he?他需要帮助，是吗？ 16.当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。例如：What you need is more important, isnt it？你需要的东西更重要，是吧？ 17.陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如：You have to water the vegetables every day, dont you?18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usednt或didnt。如：He used to stay up late, usednt he/ didnt he?19.陈述部分有had better时，反意疑问句中要用hadnt。例如：Wed better go to school at once, hadnt we? 20陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。如：Hed rather go home, wouldnt he?21.当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt。如：We ought to read this book, oughtnt we?或shouldnt we?22陈述句中的谓语动词是wish，表示愿望时用may，且用肯定形式。如：I wish to have a chance to learn English, may I?23. 陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。如：Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?24.must的反义疑问句：陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。 Amust表示“应该”，其疑问部分用mustnt（不应该），如：You must work hard next term, mustnt you ? Bmust表示“必须”，其疑问部分用neednt（不必），如：They must finish the work today, neednt they?C陈述部分含情态动词mustnt，表示禁止时，疑问部分就可以用must或may，如：You mustnt stop your car here, must you? (may we?)Dmust表示推测 ，其疑问部分必须与must 后面的主要动词相呼应。如： （1）对现在动作或存在的情况的推测 ： You must know the answer to the exercise, dont you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案，是不是？ （2）当must+have done表示对过去的情况进行推测（一般句中有明确的过去时间状语），问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didnt+主语”或“wasnt/werent+主语”；如果强调动作的完成（一般没有明确的过去时间状语），问句要用“havent/hasnt+主语”。 She must have read the novel last week,didnt she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说，是吗？ You must have told her about it, havent you?你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？ 25在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, wont you, would you,有时也可用can you, cant you, why dont you, could you等。如： Dont open the door, will you? Give me some cigarettes, can you? Take a rest, why dont you? 但是，以lets开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如： Lets have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we? Let us go out for a rest, will you?26.当陈述句的主语由neithernor或bothand连接时，疑问尾句要用相应的复数形式。 如：Neither you nor I am going on holiday, are we？五、反意疑问句的回答：对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。例 -He likes playing football, doesnt he? 他喜欢踢足球，是吗？ -Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt. 是的。/ 不是。-His sister didnt attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？-Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。1. Linda ate nothing this morning, _? A. didnt she B. was she C. did she D. wasnt she 2. Theres hardly_ milk in the bottle, _there? A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any, is 3. He has never ridden a horse before, _? A. does he B. has he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he 4. He seldom came here, _? Yes sir. A. didnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. did he 5. Everything seems all right, _ ? A. does it B. dont they C. wont it D. doesnt it 7. One cant be too modest, can _ ? A. one B. he C. it D. we 8. No one failed in the exam, _ ? A. was he B. did one C. did they D. didnt he 10. Neither you nor I am a artist, _ ? A. am I B. arent we C. are we D. arent I 11. He cant be her father, _ he? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant 12. They have no time to visit the museum, _? A. do they B. havent they C. dont they D. will they 14. Youd better go at once, _ you? A. hadnt B. did C. didnt D. dont 15. Youd rather work than play, _ you? A. hadnt B. wouldnt C. didnt D. mustnt 16. You dare not do that, _ you? A. dont B. do C. dare D. darent 18. He dislikes the two subjects, _ he? A. does B. doesnt C. is D. isnt 19. These tools are useless now, _ ? A. are they B. arent they C. is it D. isnt it 20. He used to get up at 6:30, _ he? A. didnt he B. did he C. used he D. wouldnt he 22. He ought to win the first prize, _ he? A. mustnt B. oughtnt C. shouldnt D. Both B and C. 23. Lets go there by bus, _? A. will you B. shall we C. dont you D. will you 24. Let us go to play football, _? A. will you B. shall we C. do we D. are we 25. Dont forget to give Polly some food and change her water, _? A. will you B. shall we C. wont you D. do you 26. Lets go shopping this afternoon, _? All right. A. will we B. shall we C. dont we D. are we 27. Pass me the dictionary, _? Yes, with pleasure. A. would you B. will you C. wont you D. wouldnt you 30. There is little water in the glass, _? A. isnt there B. isnt it C. is it D. is there 32. There wont be any concert this Saturday evening, _ ? A. will there not B. will there C. is there D. wont 33. I guess she taught herself Japanese, _? Yes. A. dont I B. did she C. do I D. didnt she 34. I dont believe you are right, _ ? A. are you B. do you C. wont you D. do 35. She doesnt think that Tom sings best in the class, _ ? A. does she B. doesnt she C. does he D. doesnt he 37. I know you didnt want to hurt me, _ ? A. did you B. didnt you C. do I D. dont I 38. If my father were here he would be very happy, _ ? A. werent he B. were he C. wouldnt he D. would he 巩固练习：1. I dont think that the necklace is made of diamond, _?A. do I B. do you C. isnt it D. is it2. His wife had the carpets and the curtains cleaned, _?A. hadnt B. had C. didnt she D. did she3.Its my sons wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that,_?A. havent I B. dont I C. dont he D. isnt it4.Harry wouldnt become a teacher if it hadnt been for the holiday, _?A. would he B. had it C. wou