名词复数的不规则变化.doc

名词复数的不规则变化2011-05-16 18:27:43|分类： 默认分类 |标签： |字号大中小订阅 1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼 上海牛津版 7B英语知识点总结2011-07-15 21:01:22|分类： 初一英语学习 |标签： |字号大中小订阅 本文引用自冰雪7B NotesNotes for Oxford English 7BModule 1 Garden City and its neighborsUnit One Writing a travel guideWords1. guide n. 指南；手册 v. 为领路；带领u The guide took me to the hotel.u A guide can help you to know more about the city.u A Guide to English Grammar is helpful to you.u The teather guided her students to the park.2. tour n. 旅行；旅游 v. 旅行；旅游；参观u Last week we had a city sightseeing tour.u We are touring around Italy for our holiday this year. tourist n. 游客；旅游者u Shanghai is full of tourists in summer. tourism n. 旅游业u The tourism of Shanghai is developing.3. reason n. 原因；理由 C;Uu He left suddenly without giving any reason. reasonable adj. 合理的；明智的 opposite unreasonableu The price of the book is reasonable.4. grand adj. （用于建筑物等的名称）大u How grand the mountains look!5. theatre n. 剧院u Yesterday he went to the theatre.6. Oriental adj. 东方的u oriental countries/languages/customsorient n. 东方7. century n. 世纪；百年u The building was built in the 19th century.u The book was written centuries ago.8. technology n. 科技；工艺；工程技术u He has a high level of technology. technologist n. 技术员；（工程技术）专家9. sightseeing n. 观光；旅游u Some people like to lie on the beach, but I prefer (to go) sightseeing. go sightseeing 去观光旅游10. view n. 景色；风景u The house has a view over the sea. viewer n. 电视观众11. therefore adv. 因此；所以u He has broken his leg and therefore he cant walk.u He has broken his leg, so he cant walk.12. surprising adj. 令人惊奇的u It is surprising that he passed the exam. surprise v. 使惊奇；使吃惊 n. 吃惊u The news surprised all of us.u To my surprise, She got married last year. surprised adj. 感到惊讶的u We were surprised to learn that he was French.13. floating adj. 不固定的；浮动的u Shanghai has a large floating population. float v. 漂浮；浮起u The empty boat was floating on the sea.Additional words14. design v. 设计；画图样 n. 计划；设计；图样u He designed the building last year.u Her manager is very satisfied with the deisign of the building. designer n.设计师Phrases15. have been to 去过（某地）u I have been to Beijing。u I have been in Beijing for 6 years.u - Where is he? He has gone to Beijing.16. decide to do 决定做某事u She decided to live in Singapore. decide not to do 决定不做某事u He decided not to go to the beach.17. take part in = join in 参加（活动）u We all take part in the discussion. join v. 参加（组织或团体）u He joined the army six years ago.18. make some suggestions = give some suggestions 给一些建议19. in the centre of 位于中部u There is a fountain in the centre of the square. （中心位置）u There is a big garden in the middle of the buildings. （空间）u We usually have lunch in the middle of the day. （时间）20. in the south of 位于的南部u B is in the south of A.u B is on the south of A.u B is to the south of A.21. on . Island 在岛上u on Chongming Island22. get on with 进展u How are you getting on with your project?23. be famous for 因为而著名u France is famous for its wine. be famous as = be known as 作为而著名u He is famous as a writer.24. between and 在和之间25. take somebody to some place 将某人带到某地u His father takes him to the park once a week.26. in + 一段时间u He can draw a picture in five minutes.u I will come back in five minutes.27. 距离 + 方位 + ofu The Great Wall is 130 kilometres north of the city of Beijing.28. go for + n. / v-ing 去找u Where can I go for help?29. think of 想出；考虑u I cant think of the name of that man.u What do you think of the film?30. a huge open area 一个大型的开放式区域Sentences31. It is +adj. + that . （表达对某事的看法）u It is not surprising that he can finish the work by himself.32. If + 一般现在时, 一般将来时.u If it doesnt rain, I will go to the park. = I will go to the park if it doesnt rain.33. It is + adj. + to do （表达对某事物的看法）u It is interesting to play with dogs.Unit Two Going to see a filmWords1. stupid adj. 愚蠢的；笨的u Dont ask me stupid questions. foolish adj. 愚蠢的；鲁莽的 silly adj. 傻的；愚蠢的2. action n. 动作u Actions are more important than words. act v. 行动 active adj. 积极地；活跃的 activity n. 活动 actor, actress n. 男演员；女演员3. robber n. 盗贼u I saw a robber in the street. rob v. (robbed, robbed) 抢劫 rob sb. of sth. robbery n. 抢劫案4. hate v. 讨厌；不喜欢u I hate to walk out at night. hate to do = hate doing opposite like ; love 喜欢 dislike v.5. laughter n. 笑；笑声u I can hear his laughter even in the next room. laugh v. 大笑；发笑u Dont laugh at others.6. price n. 价格u What is the price of the coat? = How much is the coat? precious adj. 高价的；昂贵的；贵重的；宝贵的7. avenue n. 大街u avenue（宽敞的大路或街道，通常是城镇两边有树的、通往较大建筑的大街）u street（城镇里较窄、短的重要的街道，两旁多有建筑物）u road（较长、宽的路，通常是行驶车辆，且穿过城镇或连接其他城镇的道路）u lane（乡间的小路或城镇里狭窄的胡同、街道）u way（通向某一处的道路）Phrases8. take a look (at) = have a look (at) 看一看9. an action film 动作片10. (be) full of 挤满；充满11. far away 遥远12. pay for 为付钱 (spend, cost, take, pay)13. in all = altogether 总共14. turn left / right 左/右转15. walk along 沿着走16. turn left / right into 左转/右转进入Sentences17. So do I. / Neither do I. 我也是。/ 我也不。18. What about +doing ? = Lets do = Shall we do ? = Why not do ? = Why dont you do? 怎们样？ （建议某人做某事）19. Its about 有关20. - Which film would you like to see? Id like to see -你想看哪部电影？ - 我想看21. How much are they going to pay for the tickets altogether? 他们总共要花多少钱买这些票？22. Kitty, how can I get to City Cinema from my home? 基蒂，从我家到城市影院怎么走？Unit Three A visit to Garden CityWords1. quite adv. 相当；十分u You are quite pretty in the red dress. u I quite like watching TV at home. fairly, rather, pretty and very，这几个副词按语气的轻重排序是：fairly quite rather / pretty very2. machine n. 机器；机器设置u The washing machine didnt work last year. machinery n. （集合名词）机器；机械；机件 mechanic n. 机工；技工；机械师3. waiter n. 服务员；侍者u My brother has been a waiter for three years. wait v. 等待 * wait sb. to do sth. 等待某人去做某事 waitress n. 女服务员；女侍者4. coach n. （体育运动的）教练u He is an experienced coach. coach v. 训练；指导5. train v. 培训；训练u Our teacher always trains us to be honest. trainer n. 训练员；教员；教练员 trainee n. 受训练的人6. headmaster n. 校长 headmistress n. 女校长7. charge n. 主管；掌管u leave a child in a friends charge in charge of 负责掌管 take harge of = take control of =become responsible for 8. field n. 田地 field n. 场地 sports fields 运动场9. key n. 关键；要诀 The key to the thing was his bad temper. 答案 Have you got the key to the problem? （计算机或打字机的）键 Press the key to enter the information. key adj. 主要的；关键的Additional words10. hold v. 握；抓住；拿住 Hold my hand, and I will pull you out. 容纳；装着 The classroom can hold fifty people. 拥有；占有 He held the job for two year. 举行（会议等）They held a birthday party last Saturday. hold back 阻止 hold on 不要挂断电话 hold ones head high 昂首挺胸 hold up 举起 hild ones breath 屏住呼吸Phrases11. quite a few / little 相当多；不少u I have been a teacher for quite a few years.12. keep + n. +adj. 使保持某种状态u You should keep your bedroom clean.u Put on the coat, and it will keep you warm.13. (be) in charge of 负责掌管 u He is in charge of his sister.14. tell the time 报时15. cable car 缆车16. have a good time = have a great / nice time = enjoy oneself 玩得愉快17. the top of 的顶部 at the top of Sentences18. since + a point of time or + sentence (past tense) for + a period of timeu He has been a student since 2003. = He has been a student for six years.u I havent seen him since he left the school.19. The present perfect tense (have / has + 动词的过去分词) 陈述句IWeYouTheyhave(ve)have not (havent)cleanedfinishedstartedlostdonebeengoneHeSheIthas(s)has not(hasnt)疑问句Have Iweyoutheycleanedfinishedstartedlostdonebeengone?Hashesheitu I have been to Singapore.u Have you been to Singapore?20. 谓语表示持续的动作，动词必须使用持续性动词，不可使用短暂性动词。u I have kept the book for three weeks. u I have borrowed the books for three weeks. other words: begin / finish / leave / borrow / die / join, etc.21. Tag questions （反意疑问句）: 肯定句+否定疑问， 否定句+肯定疑问。1）问句部分动词与陈述部分的动词要一致 2）问句部分的动词时态要与陈述部分的时态一致u They have dinner at six oclock every day, dont they?u She isnt going to the cinema, is she? 陈述部分含有un-, im-, in-, dis-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语，陈述部分视为肯定含义，问句部分仍用否定形式。u You dislike playing football, dont you? 陈述部分含有little, few, never, hardly, seldom等否定意义的词语，问句部分应用肯定形式。u He seldom works until midnight, does he? 陈述部分为I am 时，问句部分用arent I。u I am a hardworking girl, arent I? “前肯定后否定” yes“是”；no“不”u He works as a manager in the company, doesnt he? Yes, he does. 他在这家公司是个经理，是吗？ 是，他是。 “前否定后肯定” yes “不”；no“是”u Peter doesnt like travelling very much, does he? Yes, he does. 彼特不喜欢旅游，是吗？ 不，他喜欢。22. We use a watch for telling the time. = A watch is used for telling the time. = We use a watch to tell the time. = A watch is used to tell the time. 我们用手表来报时。Unit Four Lets go shopping!Words1. kid n. 小孩u The kids are very lovely. kid v. 开玩笑；欺骗u Are you kidding?2. fashion n. 时尚；流行u Skirts are still in fashion. in fashion 流行的 out of fashion 过时的 fashionable adj. 时髦的；流行的u She likes her fashionable handbag very much.3. super adj. 超级的u Yesterday I had a super meal. supermarket n. 超市 superman n. 超人4. spot n. 斑点；点u There are still some spots on the desk. spotless adj. 纯洁的；没有污点的；无瑕疵的u She is looking for a spotless picture.5. sweater n. 毛线衫；针织套衫u Does the skirt match the sweater? sweat n. 汗；汗水 v. 出汗，冒汗6. check n. 方格图案；格子；方格u I like skirts with checks. check v. 核对；检查 check n. 支票7. excuse v. 原谅u Please excuse my bad temper. excuse n. 理由；借口8. certainly adv. 当然；行 = surelycertain adj. 确定的；无疑的；必然的9. loose adj. 宽松的u My sister likes wearing loose trousers. opposite: tight adj. 紧身的；紧的 tighten v. 收紧；拉紧 loosen v. 放松；使松弛Phrases10. all right = OK, sure. Of course. 好的 Thats all right. 没关系；不客气 Thats right. 那是对的。 Im all right. = Im fine / well. 指“本人身体好”11. let sb. do something 让某人做某事12. need to do something 需要去做某事 (助动词+ not + need to do something)13. buy something for somebody = buy somebody something 给某人买某物14. the jeans with the yellow belt 配黄色皮带的牛仔裤15. excuse me 劳驾；请原谅16. try on 试穿“衣服” (try it / them on)17. over there 在那边18. in ones size 某人穿的尺寸19. too to 太而不能Sentences20. I need to buy a lot of things. I dont need to buy many things.21. anything 用于否定句、疑问句及条件句u Would you like anything to eat?u We dont see anything in the classroomu Do you hear anything interesting there? something 用于肯定句u There is something wrong with the computer.22. I need to buy a computer book for your dad.Unit Five What can we learn from others?Words1. fairy n. 仙子；小精灵u The fairy suddenly disappeared. fairy adj. 仙女的u Chindren enjoys listening to fairy stories.2. gold n. 金；金子；黄金u All is not gold that glitters. golden adj. 金色的；金黄色的u Silence is golden.3. comfortable adj. 舒服的u Its comfortable to sit in an air-conditioned classroom. comfortably adv. 舒服地u He is lying on the beach comfortably. uncomfortable adj. 不舒服的；不安的；不自在的u He feels uncomfortable with so many strangers.4. reply v. 回答u They didnt reply to our new suggestions. reply n. 回答；答复u Her reply puzzled me.5. greedy adj. 贪婪的u Dont be so greedy leave some food for your friends. greed n. 贪婪u Ambition differs from greed. greedily adv. 贪婪地u The dog looked at the meat greedily.6. happiness n. 幸福u I wish you happiness. happy adj. 快乐的，幸福的 （opposite： unhappy不快乐的）u He is truly happy who makes others happy. happily adv. 快乐地；愉快地7. forever adv.u I will remember that happy day forever.u Wish you happiness forever.8. disappear v. 消失u Let us hope our difficulties will soon disappear. (opposite)appear v. 出现u They will appear later. 9. vote v. 投票；表决；选举u Lets vote for him. voter n. 投票人；选举人10. pocket n. 口袋u He points to his pocket. pocket adj. 微型的；袖珍的u He always carries a pocket dictionary with him.Phrases11. learn from 向学习12. long ago 很久以前13. one winter night 一个冬天的晚上14. wish + somebody + noun. （名词）15. give up 放弃16. modal students 模范生17. be difficult for 对有难处；对而言是困难的18. be late for 迟到Sentences19. although / thoughu Although / Though it is raining, they are still playting football. 【正】u It was raining, but they are playing football. 【正】u Although / Though it is raining, but they are playing football. 【误】20. I think Mary is a modal students. （对划线部分提问） Who do you think is a modal student?Unit Six Hard work for a better lifeWords1. poem n. 诗；韵文u He likes writing poems. poet n. 诗人u Libai was a great poet in Chinese history. poetess n. 女诗人2. end v. 结束u Wed like to end the party with a song. end n. 结束；结局 at the end of 在的末端；在的结束3. temperature n. 气温；温度u The nurse takes the temperature of all the patients every day. temper n. 脾气；情绪u Dont lose your temper easily.4. drop v. 降低；减少u The temperature has dropped. drop n. 水滴5. shiver v. 发抖u She shivered when she was left in a dark house alone. shiver n. 颤抖；哆嗦6. awful adj. 糟糕的；极讨厌的u It is awful to stand outside when it is raining heavily. awfully adv. 可怕地；糟糕地7. lazy adj. 懒惰的u He is lazy. (opposite) energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；精神饱满的8. silly adj. 愚蠢的；傻的 （头脑简单；不懂事的；傻头傻脑的）u He told us a silly story. silly n. 呆子；傻瓜 stupid （智力差的；反应慢的）; foolish（无头脑的；缺乏常识的；缺乏判断力的）即：silly“傻”；stupid“笨”；foolish“愚蠢”。9. everywhere 所有地点；每一处u - Where did you visit in Hongkong? - Everywhere. anywhere 任意一个地方u - Where do you want to go in Hongkong? - Anywhere.10. nothing 没有什么；没什么东西 （指物）u There is nothing interesting in the newspaper. = There isnt anything interesting in the newspaper.u Nothing is impossible. none 没有任何人或物；一个也没有（既可指人又可指物）u None of us likes the flim.u - How many desks are there in the room? - None. no one =nobody 没有人（指人）u - Who is in the room? No one / nobody.11. disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的 (sad)u We are disappointed to hear of the news. disappoint v. 使失望；使沮丧u Im sorry to disappoint you. disappointing adj. 令人失望的；令人扫兴的u What a disappointing film!12. sadly adv. 伤心地u He saw the flim sadly. sad adj. 悲伤的u She felt sad to fail the exam. sadness n. 悲哀；悲伤；忧愁u Remember to forget your sadness.Phrases13. start doing sth. = start to do sth. 开始做某事14. have fun 玩的开心15. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事16. think of 想起；考虑 17.