翻译强化课讲义forshanghaionclass.doc

翻译讲义I. 考试要求1. 大纲要求 第五部分 翻译本部分包括英译汉和汉译英两节，共20分，每节10分。考试时间为30分钟。要求译文意思准确，文字通顺。A节为英译汉。本节设三种题型，每次考试设其中的一种题型。题型一：要求考生翻译5个单句，总长度为80100个英文单词。题型二：要求考生翻译一个段落，段落长度为80100个英文单词。题型三：在一个较长的段落中，有5个带有下划线的句子，要求考生翻译这5个句子。5个句子的总长度为80100个英文单词。B节为汉译英。本节设两种题型，每次考试设其中的一种题型。题型一：要求考生翻译5个单句，总长度为100120个汉字。题型二：要求考生翻译一个段落，段落长度为100120个汉字。2. 材料特点英译汉汉译英10环境：生态系统119；5社会：全球化对中国的影响110；209健康：三手烟97；4教育：亲子教育113；508科技：网络94；5经济：能源危机98；207心理学：测量99；5社会：能源危机118；206环境：野生动物97；5社会：中国水资源111；205科技：电子通讯98；5社会：中国老龄化127；204文化：艺术作用86；4文化：中国艺术131；403-经济、社会：奥运会127；302-经济：中国经济特点120；4II. 英译汉 1. 步骤： 1) 找断点：介词、连词、标点符号五大逻辑关系：转折：conj. Although though while even if, even though S V, S V.Prep. In spite of. Despite. Instead of.Adv. however, nevertheless, but因果：原因状语 conj because since as in that now thatI was late because there was a traffic jamPrep because of. Own to. Due to.结果。so that so + adj. / adv. that.The traffic was so heavy that I was late目的 so that in order that So as to do. In order to do条件 if provided that S V. supposing that Given that .unless = if notprep. Givenbut for but that 要不是并列和递进And A B and C adj. adj. and adj.V1 V2 and V3 S V, SV and S V.总分： such n. as A B and C n. such as A B and C e.g.: such energy as sun, wind and tide.First second 从句的连词定语从句 That which whose who whom asWhere when why 名词从句What how； how many how much if whether. 是否 2) 找主谓 S VTips: 1 be am is are was were 2. 情态V + do. 3. have has had + done 4. do does did. 3) 逻辑关系 4) 组织语言e.g. 1. I | let bird , you | see, this morning, and he |s disappeared. 我让鸟出来他的笼子，你知道，今天早上，并且他不见了是这样的，我今天早上把小鸟放出笼子，他不见了 Let sth./sb. _e.g. 2. Although the object (of the annual performance review) | is to improve performance, it often | has the opposite result. 尽管 目标 年度行为表现评估 年度绩效评估 为了 提高 行为表现，它 经常 有相反的 结果尽管年度绩效评估的目标 是 为了 改善 工作表现，但是它 经常 适得其反_e.g. 3. It | is a very common belief that the problems (of the population explosion) | are caused mainly by poor people (living in poor countries) (who | do not know enough to limit their reproduction).It | is a very common belief that S V人们 | 【普遍】认为People commonly believe thatTips: n n 表功能MBA master of business administrationAdj. n. Doing + n. A swimming boy 现在分词 表状态A swimming pool 动名词 表功能n. (doing.) (who.) 定语的翻译拆译法 Do you know the lady (who lives in the next door)?住在隔壁的女士你认识那位女士吗， 她就住在隔壁人们 | 【普遍】认为人口爆炸的问题主要是由生活在贫困国家的贫困人口造成的，他们对限制生育了解不足。随着经济的发展，我国的能源危机 | 越来越突出，这与我国现在所处的发展阶段有关S V, which _e.g. 4: With much of the country given over to market gardening and the intensive cultivation of flowers, planners | have also come up with designs for floating greenhouses designed so that the water beneath them | irrigates the plants and controls the temperature inside.With + 逻辑S + 。 独立主格结构e.g.: When he had lunch, Jack sneezed.Doing. ed. 分词做状语When he had lunch, Jack sneezed. Having lunch, J sneezed. _ (see) from the hill, people look like ants. seenRose having lunch, J sneezed. 独立主格结构1. 独立的逻辑主语2. 不是句子3. 做状语With Rose having lunch, J sneezed. a. with 逻辑S + doing.With Rose having lunch, J sneezed. b. 逻辑S + ed，S V.e.g.: the task completed, we had tried our best.c. 逻辑S + to do., S Ve.g.: the question to be discussed tomorrow, I have to prepare it.d. 逻辑S + adj. , S V.e.g.: Mon being ill, I have to take care of her.e. 逻辑S + adv, S V.e.g.: time up, let go. Game overf. 逻辑S + prep., S V.e.g.: Sword in hand, I am afraid of nothing.词义选择 2. 基本知识1) 词汇2) 句型3) 逻辑关系转折: but, although, though, whereas, while, whether. or.despite, in spite of, instead of, however, nevertheless, fortunately, unfortunately.因果: because, since, as, in that, now that, since, owing to, due to, because of, for some reasons of.therefore, thus, for, so that.因，so that 果果，because 因条件: if, unless, provided, supposed, but that, given that but for . 并列or递进: and, and then, an soas well as, besides.as well, even, furthermore, whats mor总分: such.as, first, second, third. last. in short, above all._III. 汉译英1. 步骤1) 断句2) 句型五大基本句型：S V P V 系动词V系动词 ： 1. be am is are was were2. 保持 keep remain hold. Keep silent keep silence 3. 改变：become get turn e.g.: I got old. 4. 好像 seem appear to do that S V e.g.: he appeared to have caught a cold5. 感动 look see observe watch hear listen sound feel touch smell taste finde.g.: it sounds great S Vi The thing | happened to sb. . rise my hands rose S Vt O I | raised my hands. e.g.: explode the building | exploded. 事实The terrorists | exploded the building. the building was exploded by who? I | am your tutor. S V Oi Od Oi n./pron.e.g.: I | told you a story. I told sb. that S V.S V O I | allow my students .My students copy their homework. Make sb. Let bird They call me . I am Leos.I told you a story. You are a story. Tell sb. sth. tell sb. Bring sb. sth. bring sb. to do sthAsk sb. sth. ask sb. to do sth.名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句3) 语序a. 定语的位置 b. 状语的位置e.g. 1 机器人 | 不可能 思考。像人类一样A robot impossibly thinks like the human beingIt is impossible for robots to think like human beingsIt is impossible that robots think like HBThere is little likelihood that e.g. 2 我 | 会告诉他们，在草地上 睡觉 | 并不脏。I will / would tell them that it | is not dirty to sleep on the grass.e.g. 3 你 | 浪费 (越多的) 时间，你就越容易 浪费更多的时间。 The more . The more.The more time you waste, the easier it is to continue wasting time.You waste time It is easy for you to continue wasting time The more time you waste, the easier It is for you to continue wasting time IV. 复习建议：1. 2. E C1. 准确 2. 顺序 状语 动词3. 错别字 4. 卷面V. 练习Translation (30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section)1. 英译汉Section ADirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.2009Third-hand smoke | is tobacco smoke contamination (that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or even days after a cigarette | is put out). 三手烟，是尼古丁烟雾的污染物，它会在香烟熄灭后的几个小时，甚至几天后依旧残留在地毯，衣服或者其他物品上。According to a study, a large number of people, particularly smokers, | have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. According to sth 根据.According to sb 据某人说，Have no idea that = do not know that Sth. is health hazard for sb.某某伤害到某人的健康Junk foods are health hazards for the teenagers Eating junk foods is health hazard for Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers (surveyed), the vast majority | agreed that second-hand smoke | is dangerous. Of., S V 在. 中The majority The majority of sbMinority 认为 think that S V 侧重经过了严谨的逻辑思考后得出的看法consider that S V 考虑了事情的环境或者当事人的处境后的看法take into account that S V = considerbelieve that S V 可能没有什么依据，只是凭借信念相信deem that S V = believe 比believe更为虔诚assume that S V 没有太多的理论或者现实依旧，只是猜测argue that S V 有充分的理由表达自己的观点claim that S V 权威机构，官方认为agree that S V.But when they were asked whether they | agreed with the statement, “Breathing air (in a room today (where people | smoked yesterday) | can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes.”Air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health今天吸入昨天有人抽过烟的房间里的空气当问他们是否同意一个观点，“昨天有人在房间里吸烟，今天你在房间里呼吸会伤害到你的健康”tips: 表示地点的名词之后 (where .)表示时间的名词之后(when.)e.g.: do you remember the time (when we fall in love)?e.g.: do you remember the little flat (where we used to live)?但是当被问及 一个观点 “吸入空气 房间里的 昨天有人在这里吸过烟的 可能伤害你的健康 _参考译文：所谓“三手烟”是指在香烟被熄灭的数小时甚至几天后，仍残留于地毯、衣服和其他物品上的烟雾等污染物。一项研究表明，很多人，尤其是烟民，并不知道“三手烟”会危害人体健康。在参与调查的1500名受访者（烟民及非烟民）中，大部分都知道“二手烟”对健康的危害。但是当被问及是否同意“昨天有人抽过烟的屋子里的空气会危害人们的健康”时，只有65%的非烟民和43%的烟民认同该说法。2008Engineers | are developing a new type of Internet connection (that S | could carry so much data so quickly it | might surprise even Net surfers). 工程师正在研发一种新型的网络连接 这种连接能够快速的传输大量的数据 这甚至让网络冲浪者吃惊不已So adj./adj. that S V.This technology | would open up a route (through which data | can be sent at speeds (thousands of times faster than whats possible now). n./pron. (prep. which./ whom S V.)1. 从句中谓语的固定搭配he is the only person (to whom I can speak freely).Speak to sb. Speak of/about.We are confused by the thing of which the news spoke2. 先行词的固定搭配The circumstances （_under_ which the people live） | help us to know their life-style and habits. Under no circumstancesn./pron. (. 定语的翻译)speed (thousands of faster than whats possible now)比较级 the degree of comparison 原级 A | V as adj./adv. as.B e.g.: his face is as black as coal. 比较 A | V adj./adv + er than B e.g.: the weather in SH is more suitable for living than that in HLJ最高 adj./adv + est of/among/ine.g.: he is the cleverest in the classIf all goes to plan, the vast data speeds | may soon be available to all. There may be the vast data speeds to allS | be available = S | be present = there be Se.g.: the methods are available e.g.: there are methods. 有办法e.g.: there was a temple in the mountaine.g.: a temple was available in the mountain That | might help solve the problem (of how to handle the enormous growth in Internet traffic. 可以帮助解决 如何解决网络交通快速增长的问题My objective and goal are realistic Entertainment and amusement The technology | would require some new software and fiber-optic links (to the PC), but otherwise no change (in basic facilities). infrastructure _工程师们正在开发一种新型的网络接入技术，这种技术能够快速地传输众多的数据。快到可能使网上冲浪者都感到惊奇。这种技术将打开一条通道，通过这条通道，数据传输速度要比现行的速度快上千倍。如果一切按计划进行，所有人将很快享受到无比快速的数据传输速度。这可能有助于解决因特网传输快速增长的问题。这项技术需要一些新的软件和与个人电脑相连的光纤。但除此外，无须改动基础设施。No change in. 请勿吸烟 no smokingThe economy is developing rapidlyEconomic development I | come to Beijing at a special time恰逢2007The standardized educational or psychological tests are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees and military personnel. But they have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tools themselves but largely upon the user._标准化教育测试或心理测试现在广泛应用于协助选拔、分类、委派或提升学生、雇员和军事人员，这些测试一直是某些人近年来在图书、杂志、日报，甚至国会中抨击的目标。把这种标准化测试作为抨击的目标是不对的，因为，在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具，其各种特征是可以在规定的条件下用相当的精度来测定的。测试的结果是有价值的，还是无意义的，甚至是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试的使用者。2006One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the nature habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation; it also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but also as protection. Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely.Just as crops are harvested wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. By allowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat._野生动物管理部门首要关心的事就是保护和改善野生动物自然栖息地以使动物们有足够的食物和水来生存。野生动物管理部门专注于保护土壤，培育出良好的植被，还专注于保护植物。植物不仅能作为野生动物的食物来源，还能作为它们的保护者。动物需要用植物来掩护自己以躲避天敌和安全地抚育自己的孩子。就像收获庄稼一样，野生动物有时候也必须被“收获”。通过允许有限的捕猎，好的管理部门能控制某些物种，使它们不至于因过度繁殖而威胁到栖息地。2005Progress in communication and transport technologies during the 20th century has enabled us to overcome geographical boundaries and revolutionize our way of living. The world is now linked to such an extent that a local happening cannot take place without impacting on the international community.Globalization is not just about increasing the worldwide circulation of information and ideas. Economically speaking, it entails transnational investment and international trade, thereby integrating all countries into a single giant world market. In terms of culture, globalization itself is neither positive nor negative: It may be either of them depending on our viewpoint._20世纪，通讯和交通领域都有了长足进步，这使得全世界的人们能够打破地域界限并且改变原有的生活方式。整个世界紧密地联系在一起，任何地方发生的事情都会对整个国际社会带来一定的影响。全球化并不仅仅意味着世界范围内的信息和观点的流通。从经济角度来看，全球化促使了跨国界投资和商业往来的兴起，从而把全世界所有的国家整合成一个巨大的国际市场。从文化角度来看，全球化既谈不上是积极的，也谈不上是消极的：这是需要根据我们自身的观点而定的2. 汉译英Section B Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.2009 有朝一日我身为人母，我会带孩子们去野营。我会让他们体验在篝火（campfire）上烧烤食物的乐趣。我会告诉他们，在草地上睡觉并不脏。我会让他们知道，天上的星星不止是童话故事的素材，还有实际的用途，例如可以为迷路的人指引方向。这样的户外活动也是一种教育。_参考译文： If ever I were a mother, I would bring my kids camping. I would get them to experience the fun of enjoying barbecuing food over campfire. I would teach them that there were nothing dirty about sleeping on grass. I would also lead them to become aware that twinkles in the sky are not only the materials of fairy tales but also of great practical uses. For instance, they give directions to the lost traveler. It is also a form of education to have such outdoor activities.2008当前我国经济 | 发展迅速，能源供应的压力 | 较大，(这跟有关系) 阶段(我国当前经济和社会发展所处的)。 Be related to Nowadays, our economy | is developing rapidly and the pressure on the supply of energy | is growing, (which is related to the state (of our present economic and social development).Nowadays, with the rapid economic development, there grows enormous pressure in the supply of energy, (which is to a certain extent = to some degree related with the present economic and social development stage of our country.水电等消耗的能源Energy consumption such as water, heat and electricity 但是，不管我们处于哪个发展阶段，如果消耗能源过多，我们就会因此受到惩罚，面临能源匮乏、环境污染和生态破坏等困境。However, whichever stage we are in, we will be punished, facing the problem such as the shortage of energy, environment pollution and ecological damage and so on, provided that we consume too much energy.,