医药卫生]经络学总论-中英双语.ppt

经 络 Meridians and Collaterals 经络是人体气血运行的通路，它是中医学理论体系的重要组成部分，同针灸学的关系密切。它是针灸学的理论核心。 Meridians and collaterals are the pathways in the human body, in which qi and blood are circulated. They are the important component of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, intimately related with acupuncture and moxibustion. They are the theoretical core of acupuncture and moxibustion.,第一节：经络的基本概念 Section I: the basic concept of meridians and collaterals (Jing luo) 经络是经脉和络脉的总称。 Jing Luo in traditional Chinese medicine is the general term for meridians and collaterals.,“经”指经脉，有路径的涵义，它们贯通上下，沟通内外，是经络系统中的主干。 “Jing” implying pathway refers to meridians that run longitudinally, linking the upper and lower, communicating the interior with the exterior, being the main trunk of the meridian and collateral system.,“络”指络脉，犹如网络，它是经脉别出的细小分支，纵横交错，遍布全身。 “Luo” stands for collaterals which appear like a network, i.e. the fine branches diverging from meridians, running both longitudinally and transversely, distributed over the entire body.,经络学说是中国古代医家和劳动人民，在长期的生产和医疗实践中，不断观察、认识、积累、总结而逐渐形成的。 The meridian and collateral theory is gradually shaped in the longer period of production and medical practice by the ancient Chinese physicians and ordinary people through their observation, recognition of body reactions to some stimulation, and collection and summery of their experience.,第二节：经络学说的起源 Section II: The origin of the meridian and collateral theory,In the first ancient Chinese medical book Huang Di Nei Jing (The Internal Classic of Yellow Emperor) meridians and collaterals are already expounded in some details, which are continuously supplemented and gradually completed by physicians in the later dynasties.,在中国古代第一本医书黄帝内经里，已对经络有了较系统的描述，经后世医家不断地充实而逐步趋于完整。,The formation of the meridian and collateral theory may undergo following ways: 1. Based on the summary of transmitting sensations along certain line of the limb or body felt by the individuals while having acupuncture or message treatment . 2. Based on the summary of the therapeutic properties of acupuncture points.,经络学说的形成，可能是通过以下途径： 1、 是针刺、按摩时感传线路的总结； 2、 是腧穴主治功能的总结；,1、 针刺、按摩时感传线路的总结； Based on the summary of transmitting sensations along certain line of the limb or body felt by the individuals while having acupuncture or message treatment . 2、 腧穴主治功能的总结； Based on the summary of the therapeutic properties(indications) of acupuncture points.,经络学说的形成，可能是通过以下途径： The formation of the meridian and collateral theory may be through following ways:,3、人体体表反应点的总结； The summary of the reactive spots to the pathological changes at the human body surface. 4、古人解剖、生理学知识的总结。 The collection of the knowledge on anatomy and physiology obtained by the ancient people.,一、经络的生理功能： I. The physiological functions of meridians and collaterals 1、 运行气血、协调阴阳 Circulating qi and blood, balancing yin and yang,第三节：经络的生理功能及临床应用 Section III. The physiological functions and clinical applications of meridians and collaterals,“ When the lung and heart are involved in a pathogenic invasion, the pathogenic qi lingers in both elbows; when the liver is involved, it lingers in both axilla; when the spleen is involved, it stays in both groins; when the kidney is involved, it stays in both popliteal fossa.” - Chapter 71 in Miraculous Pivot 灵枢邪客：“肺心有邪，其气留于两肘；肝有邪，其气留于两腋；脾有邪，其气留于两髀；肾有邪，其气留于两腘。”,2、 抗御病邪、反映证候 Resisting pathogens and reflecting symptoms,3、 传导感应、调整虚实 Transmitting sensations and regulating deficiency and excess conditions.,1) 灵枢根结说：“用针之要，在于知调阴与阳。” “The key in acupuncture treatment is to know how to regulate yin and yang.” - Chapter 5 in Miraculous Pivot 2) 灵枢九针十二原说：“刺之要，气至而有效”。 “In acupuncture, the arrival of qi is essential to obtaining therapeutic effects.” - Chapter 1 in Miraculous Pivot,1、 说明人体的病理变化 To explain the pathological changes of the human body.,二、经络学说的临床应用： II.Clinical application of meridian and collateral theory,3、 指导针灸临床治疗 To direct the clinical treatment.,2、 指导临床诊断辨证归经 To guide clinical diagnosis and determination of the affected meridians in the illness.,经络系统中，根据其分布特点和功能的不同，而分为经脉和络脉两大部分。 In accordance with their distribution and functions, two parts are composed in the meridian and collateral system, namely, meridians and collaterals.,第四节：经络系统的主要内容 Section 4: The principal content of meridians and collaterals,络脉则包括十五络脉和无数的孙络和浮络。 In the collateral part 15 collaterals, countless minute collaterals and superficial collaterals are included.,经脉中以十二经脉为主体，又称十二正经， 还有奇经八脉、十二经别、十二经筋和十二皮部。 In the meridian part there are 12 meridians, also known as the 12 regular meridians which are the major component of the meridian part, 8 extra meridians, 12 divergent meridians , 12 muscle regions and 12 cutaneous regions.,以下是经络系统组成表： The components of the meridian and collateral system,经脉,十二经脉 （正经）,奇经八脉,络脉,手,太阴 少阴 厥阴,阳明 太阳 少阳,足,太阴 少阴 厥阴,阳明 太阳 少阳,任脉、督脉 冲脉、带脉、阴跷脉、阳跷脉、阴维脉、阳维脉,十二经别 十五络脉 浮络、孙络,十二经筋 十二皮部,经络系统,The components of the meridian and collateral system,meridian,Twelve regular meridians,Eight extra meridians,collateral,hand,Taiyin shaoyin jueyin,Yangming taiyang shaoyang,foot,Taiyin shaoyin jueyin,Yangming taiyang shaoyang,Du, Ren Chong, Dai Yinqiao,Yangqiao,Yinwei,Yangwei,Twelve divergent meridians Fifteen collaterals,Twelve muscle regions Twelve cutaneous regions,1、概念 Concept: 十二经脉即手三阴经（肺、心包、心）、手三阳经（大肠、三焦、小肠）、足三阳经（胃、胆、膀胱） 、足三阴经（脾、肝、肾）的总称。 The Twelve Regular Meridians refer to the three yin meridians of hand ( lung, pericardium, and heart), three yang meridians of hand (large intestine, Triple Energizer (Sanjiao) and small intestine), three yang meridians of foot ( stomach, gallbladder, bladder), and three yin meridians of foot ( spleen, liver and kidney).,一、十二经脉 The Twelve Regular Meridians,The 12 regular meridians are the major part of the meridian and collateral system, communicating respectively with the six Zang organs and six Fu organs. Zang organs pertain to yin linking with yin meridian, whereas, Fu organs attribute to yang linking with yang meridians. In the Zang-Fu theory a Zang organ , the interior and yin organ is matched with a Fu organ, the exterior and yang organ , thus, forming a yin-yang and interior-exterior relationship through the connection of their meridians.,12经脉是经络系统的主体。它们分别与六脏六腑相联系。 脏属阴与阴经联系；腑属阳与阳经联系。 在脏腑学说中一腑一脏表里，阳阴相配，故与之相联系的经脉亦形成阴阳表里关系。,For example, the large intestine meridian is matched with the lung meridian, being a pair of the exterior-interior and yin-yang meridians, so the rest of the five pairs of meridians are matched in the same way.,如大肠经与肺经构成表里阳阴相配的一对， 余此类推，共有六对表里相配的经脉。,1）根据其起点或止点在手或在足，而被分别叫做手经或足经。 The meridians are named according to the location of their beginning point or the terminal point at hand or foot , therefore, known respectively as hand meridian or foot meridian.,2、十二经脉的命名： Nomenclature of the 12 Regular Meridians,The name of the 12 meridians is given also according to the aspect of the four limbs, namely, yin aspect ( medial side) or yang aspect (lateral side), along which runs the meridian, therefore, yin and yang meridians are named, of which 3 yin meridians and three yang meridians are subdivided in a limb.,2）根据其循行走四肢的阴面（内侧）或阳面（外侧）而被分别叫阴经和阳经，其中又分为三阴、三阳。,Moreover, the 12 meridians are named according to their connecting organs, so hand or foot (at where their point begins or terminates), yin or yang, Zang or Fu are the three components in the nomenclature of the meridian names. For example, the lung meridian of hand Taiyin, the large intestine meridian of hand Yangming , the spleen meridian of foot Taiyin, the stomach meridian of foot Yangming, etc.,3） 根据其经脉所直接连属的脏或腑的名字而命名，故十二经的命名应由手、足、阴、阳、脏、腑三部分组成。如手太阴肺经、手阳明大肠经、足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经等。,手太阴肺经 Lung Meridian of Hand Taiyin 手阳明大肠经 Large Intestine Meridian of Hand Yangming 足阳明胃经 Stomach Meridian of Foot Yangming 足太阴脾经 Spleen Meridian of Foot Taiyin 手少阴心经 Heart Meridian of Hand Shaoyin 手太阳小肠经 Small Intestine Meridian of Hand Taiyang 足太阳膀胱经 Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang 足少阴肾经 Kidney Meridian of Foot Shaoyin 手厥阴心包经 Pericardium Meridian of Hand Jueyin 手少阳三焦经 Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand Shaoyang 足少阳胆经 Gallbladder Meridian of Foot Shaoyang 足厥阴肝经 Liver Meridian of Foot Jueyin,十二经脉,The Twelve Meridians,十二经脉是经络系统中的主要部分。它们分布在人体一定的部位，且每条经脉与六脏六腑之间存在属、络关系；经与络之间相互衔接；且存在表里相合的关系。 The twelve regular meridians are the major part of the meridian and collateral system. Distributed in the certain part of the human body each, meridian has a pertaining organ and bears a communicating relationship with one of the six Zang organs or one of the six Fu organs. And each meridian communicates with a collateral with which an interior-exterior relationship of two relevant meridians is formed.,3、十二经脉流注次序 The Cyclic Flow of the Twelve Regular Meridians,手太阴肺经 The LU meridian of hand Taiyin,手阳明大肠经 The LI meridian of hand Yangming,足阳明胃经 The ST meridian of foot Yangming,足太阴脾经 The SP meridian of foot Taiyin,手少阴心经 The HT meridian of Hand Shaoyin,手太阳小肠经 The SI meridian of hand Taiyang,足太阳膀胱经 The BL meridian of foot Taiyang,足少阴肾经 The KI meridian of foot Shaoyin,手厥阴心包经 The PC meridian of hand Jueyin,手少阳三焦经 The TE meridian of hand Shaoyang,足少阳胆经 The GB meridian of foot Shaoyang,足厥阴肝经 The LR meridian of foot Jueyin,手太阴肺经循行示意图 The lung meridian of hand Taiyin,Points of yang meridian,Points of yin meridian,阳经输穴,阴经输穴,手阳明大肠经循行示意图 The large intestine meridian of hand Yangming,足阳明胃经循行示意图 The stomach meridian of foot Yangming,足太阴脾经循行示意图 The spleen meridian of foot Taiyin,手少阴心经循行示意图 The heart meridian of hand Shaoyin,手太阳小肠经循行示意图 The small intestine meridian of hand Taiyang,足太阳膀胱经循行示意图 The bladder meridian of foot Taiyang,足少阴肾经循行示意图 The kidney meridian of foot Shaoyin,手厥阴心包经循行示意图 The pericardium meridian of hand Jueyin,手少阳三焦经循行示意图 The TE (Sanjiao) meridian of hand Shaoyang,足少阳胆经循行示意图 The gallbladder meridian of foot Shaoyang,足厥阴肝经循行示意图 The liver meridian of foot Jueyin,二、奇经八脉,奇经八脉，是指与十二经脉不同的八条经脉，简称“奇经”。八脉名称分别说明如下： The eight extra meridians, different from the twelve regular meridians, are called the extra meridians in short. Their nomenclature is explained as follows.,奇经八脉 Eight Extra Meridians,督 脉 Governor Vessel (Du) 任 脉 Conception Vessel (Ren) 冲 脉 Thoroughfare Vessel (Chong) 带 脉 Belt Vessel (Dai) 阳跷脉 Yang Heel Vessel (Yangqiao) 阴跷脉 Yin Heel Vessel (Yinqiao) 阳维脉 Yang Link Vessel (Yangwei) 阴维脉 Yin Link Vessel (Yinwei),1、督脉 Du（Governor Vessel）Meridian,“督”，有督率的意思，因这条经脉循行于背部正中，督率诸阳经。 Du means governing. Running along the midline of the back, the Du（Governor Vessel）Meridian governs all the yang meridians.,督脉-阳脉之海,Governor Vessel (Du Meridian) -the Sea of the yang meridians,2、任脉 Ren Meridian （Conception Vessel）,“任”，有妊养、担任的意义，因这条经脉循行于腹部正中，有总任全身阴经的作用 。 Ren means fostering and responsibility. Going along the midline of the abdomen, the Ren（Conception Vessel）Meridian is responsible for all the yin meridians.,任脉-阴脉之海,Conception Vessel (Ren Meridian) -the Sea of the yin meridians,3、冲脉 Chong Meridian (Thoroughfare Vessel ),“冲”，意指要冲(交通要道)，因这条经脉主通行十二经之气血，称为“十二经脉之海” 。 Chong means a vital pass. At it regulates the flow of qi and blood in the twelve regular meridians, the Chong Meridian is called “the sea of the twelve primary meridians.”,4、带脉 Dai Meridian （Belt Vessle）,“带”，意指腰带，因这条经脉横于腰腹，主约束诸经 。 Dai means a girdle. The Dai Meridian goes around the waist, binding up all the meridians.,5、阳跷脉 Yangqiao Meridian 6、阴跷脉 Yinqiao Meridian,“跷”，是足跟的意思，其起于外踝下者称阳跷，起于内踝下者称阴跷。 Qiao means the heel. Yangqiao Meridian starts from below the external malleolus; Yinqiao Meridian starts from below the internal malleolus.,7、阳维脉 Yangwei Meridian 8、阴维脉 Yinwei Meridian,“维”，是网维和维系的意思，阳维主网维、联络一身在表之阳；阴维主维系、联络一身在里之阴。 Wei denotes connection and network. The Yangwei Meridian connects and networks the exterior yang of the whole body； the Yinwei Meridian connects and networks the interior yin of the whole body.,三、十二经别 The twelve divergent merdiains,Branch out from the twelve regular meridians. Mainly distributed on the chest, abdomen and head. Function: connect internally-exterally related meridians strengthen their relation with the zang-fu organs serve as the extension of regular meridians,Distrivution:,Derive from the regular meridians at the regions of four limbs; Enter the thoracic and abdominal cavities; The Yin and Yang divergent meridians run parallelly inside the body and emerge from the neck; In the head region, the Yin divergent meridians connect the Yang divergent meridians and then join the regular Yang meridians.,Key:,The twelve divergent meridians can be paired into six confluences according to their internal and external relationship. Mainly run deeper in the body, supplement the pathway that the regular meridians do not reach. There are no points located on them.,四、十五络脉 The fifteen collaterals,The fifteen collaterals include: the twelve collaterals separating from the twelve regular meridians the collaterals of the Ren the collaterals of the Du the major collateral of the spleen Function: Their function is to connect the externally-internally related meridians and transport the local qi and blood so as to promote the free circulation of qi and blood of the meridians.,Distribution:,The fifteen collaterals distributed superficially over the four limbs and in the anterior, posterior and lateral aspects of the body. Each of the collaterals has a Luo-Connecting point, pertaining to the meridian where it derives. The collaterals on the four limbs not only run to the externally-internally related meridians but also possess other tributaries.,collaterals on the trunk collateral of the Ren meridian collateral of the Du meridian the major collateral of the spleen,disperse in the abdominal region,disperses in the head and joints with the Bladder meridian on the back,disperses in the chest and hypochondrium,Minute Collaterals and （浮络） Superficial Collaterals （孙络）,Besides the fifteen collaterals, there are many smaller branches and subbranches which are called Minute Collaterals and Superficial Collaterals respectively. They are distributed all over the body, possessing the function of transporting qi and blood to the body surface.,五、十二经筋 The twelve muscle regions,The muscle regions are the sites where the qi and blood of the meridians nourish the muscles and tendons. Similar to the twelve regular meridians, they are also divided into three hand yin and three hand yang, three foot yin and three foot yang. They possess the function of connecting all the bones and joints of the body and maintaining the normal range of motion.,Distribution of the muscle regions:,Originating from the extremities of the limbs. Ascending to the head and trunk. Do not reach zang and fu organs.,Indications (经筋主病 ):,In the treatment of diseases, the Muscle Regions are mainly indicated in muscular problems, such as the Bi syndrome, contracture, stiffness, spasm and muscular atrophy. In Chapter 13 of Miraculous Pivot, it says, “Where there is pain, there is an acupoint.” That means muscle problems can be treated by needling the local points. 经筋主病主要有痹痛、拘挛、强急、转筋、痿软等。 灵枢 “以痛为输”，即筋病的治疗是以就近取穴为主。,六、十二皮部 The Twelve Cutaneous Regio