动词II(动词语态).doc

动词II一、动词的被动语态 1主动语态和被动语态 英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。 例如： We swept the floor. 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态） The floor was swept. 地板被打扫过。（被动语态） 2被动语态的构成 1）被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。 助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。被动语态的肯定式的结构是：主语+be+过去分词（vt.）+（by+宾语）。 例如： Apple trees arent planted in the south. 苹果树不种在南方。 The building hasnt been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。 3）被动语态的一般疑问句 被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）？其答语用yes或no作简单回答。 例如： Are they made in China? Yes, they are. 它们是中国制造的吗？是的，是中国制造的。Was the museum built in 1993? 这座博物馆是在1993年建成的吗？ No, it was built in 1986. 不，它是在1986年建成的。 4）被动语态的特殊疑问句 被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt），其答语要作具体回答。 例如： What is the machine used for? 这台机器用来作什么？ It is used for making paper. 它是用来造纸的。 Where were the car made? 这些小汽车是哪里制造的？ They were made in China. 它们是中国制造的。 5）被动语态的八种时态形式 被动语态的八种时态（以动词ask为例）：一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 将来时态 be asked be being asked have/has/had asked will/shall be asked注意：被动语态没有完成进行时态和将来进行时态。 3什么时候使用被动语态 1）在没有指明动作的执行者的情况下。例如： The meeting was held last week. 会议上周召开了。 English is taught in all middle schools. 所有中学都开设英语课。 2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。 例如： Teapots are used for drinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。 Wheres cotton produced? 棉花产于何地？ The bike was stolen yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午自行车被偷了。 4主动语态变为被动语态的方法 1）将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。 2）把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。 3）将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。 例如： People use radios for listening to the news.（主动） Radios are use for listening to the news by people.（被动） I posted a letter last week.（主动） A letter was posted by me last week.（被动） 注意： 在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。 例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动） She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动） 5主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型 1）谓语动词只有一个宾语的。 例如：The workers are building a ship.（主动语态） The ship is being built by the workers.（被动语态） I have finished the exercises.（主动语态） The exercises have been finished by me.（被动语态） 2）谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。 例如： I sent him a present. （主动语态） He was sent a present by me.（被动语态） A present was sent to him by me.（被动语态） 注意： a）在主动句中有些动词，如ask, answer, teach等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。 例如： He asked us a lot of questions.（主动语态） We were asked a lot of questions by him. b)在主动句中有些动词，如build, buy, choose等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。 例如： My father bought me a new bike.（主动语态） The new bike was bought for me by my father.（被动语态） 3）谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。例如： 宾语 宾补 He left the door open.（主动语态） 他让门开着。 The door was left open by him.（被动语态） 门由他打开着。 4）许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 例如： We must take good care of our books.（主动语态） Our books must be taken good care of.（被动语态） 我们应该保管好我们的书本。 我们的书本应保管好。（被动） 5）谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词为被动语态，构成为：情态动词+be+过去分（vt.） 例如： We must finish it at once. （主动语态） 我们必须马上做完这件事。 It must be finished at once（被动语态） 这件事必须马上做完。 6）带有be going to结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。结构为：sth be going to be done。 例如： I am going to close the door.（主动语态） 我将去关门。 The door is going to be closed.（被动语态） 门将要关上。 6被动语态中应注意的几个问题 1）在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。 2）主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况： ahave（有）以及和have构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态 b不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。 c主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能变成被动句的主语。 d主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。 3）注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。 例如： This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很禁洗。 The machine made in China sell well abroad. 中国制造的机器在国外畅销。 二、动词不定式 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，通常前面带有小品词to，动词不定式的基本形式由“to +动词原形”构成，有时也可以省略to。 不定式可以有自己的宾语或状语。带有宾语或状语的不定式叫不定式短语。 1不定式在句子中的作用 1）作主语 例如： To learn a a foreign language well is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易。 如果不定式（短语）过长，可用形式主语it，而将真正的主语不定式（短语）放在句末。 例如：It is better to see once than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。 2）作宾语 They all wanted to see you yesterday. 他们昨天都要来看你。 3）作表语 To eat is to live，but to live is not to eat. 吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 4）作宾语补足语 He wants you to call him back at eleven. 他要你在十一点给他回电话。 I helped him (to) find his things. 我帮他找到他的东西。（help后跟不定式作宾补，可省略to，也可以保留to） 注意： 在某些复合宾语中，由于谓语动词的要求，我们往往先用it代表示定式，作为形式宾语，而把真实宾语不定式放在句子的后面。这类动词还有make, think等。 例如： They found it important to get everything ready in time. 他们发现把一切事情及时准备好很重要。 5）作定语 作定语的不定式与经所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，它后面就要有必要的介词。 Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗？ There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么值得发愁的。 6）作状语 The child is not old enough to go to school. 这个孩子还没到上学年龄。（结果状语） They ran over to welcome us. 他们跑过来欢迎我们。（目的状语） To hear the news, she cried. 听到这个消息后，她哭起来了。（原因状语） 7）有些动词，如want, like, wish, hope, try, ask, start, learn, agree, teach, decide, understand等，后面可以接连接代词或连接副词加不定式作宾语。 例如： No one could tell me where to get the book. 没有人能告诉我哪里能找到这本书。 Show us what to do. 告诉我们应该做什么。 I dont know whether to answer his letter. 我不知道要不要给他回信。 3不定式的时态和语态 不定式有一般式、完成式、进行式，主动式和被动式。 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 1）不定式动作和谓语动作同时发生，这时不定式用进行式。 例如： They are said to be building a house. 据说他们正在建房子。 2）不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前，这时不定式用完成式。 例如： I am goad to have seen your mother. 见到你的母亲我很高兴。 3）不定式有主动式和被动式。不定式的被动式可以用来： a作主语 It is happy for me to be asked to speak here. 被邀请在这里讲话我很高兴。 b作宾语 She asked to do sent to work in the western part of the country. 她请求派她去西部地区工作。 c作宾语补足语 He wanted the letter to be written at once. 他让马上把信写好。 d作状语 She was too young to be given so much money. 她太小，不能把许多钱给她。 e作定语 There are a lot of trees to be planted. 有很多树要种。 4不定式的复合结构 不定式的复合结构由“for/of+名词（或代词宾格）+不定式”构成。其中名词（或代词宾格）表示不定式动作的执行者，是不定式的逻辑主语。 不定式的复合结构在句子中可以作用主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。 例如： Its very kind of you to help us. 非常感谢你帮助我们。（主语） This is for you to decide. 这得由你来决定。（表语） I think it necessary for us to study English hard. 我认为我们努力学英语是必要的。（宾语） There are a lot of difficulties for them to overcome. 有许多困难要他们克服。（定语） The text is too long for us to learn by heart. 课文太长，我们记不住。（状语） 随堂监测A组单项选择： 1. The no. 12 bus _ to the Town Hall and not to the station. A. has come B. has been going C. goes D. is going 2. Dont use that pen. It _ smoothly . A. didnt write B. dont write C. doesnt write D. isnt write 3. If it _, I wont go for a walk. A. rains B. will rain C. rained D. rain 4. The child is playing while his mother _ dinner. A. cooked B. cooks C. was cooking D. is cooking 5. He _ in a cotton factory these day. A. is working B. works C. will be working D. has been working 6. Dont turn off the light I _a report now. A. have been reading B. read C. am reading D. have read 7. John _ the first party in his life tomorrow night. A. is given B. is giving C. has given D. has been giving 8. My uncle _ to see me. Hell be here soon. A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came 9. At this moment I _ we have a good chance of victory. A. feel B. am feeling C. felt D. am felt 10. My uncle never _ a hat even in winter. A. is wearing B. are being worn C. wore D. wears 11. By next December, I _ fifty-five. A. will have to be B. will have been C. will be being D. shall be 12. Look at these black clouds _. A. Itll rain B. Its going to rain C. Itll be raining D. It is to rain 13. Look out! That tree _ fall down. A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would 14. Have you read the book I gave you? No, but _ going to read it soon. A. Id be B. Ill be C. Ive been D. Im 15. We _ for Shanghai tonight. A. are starting B. starts C. started D. have started 16. I think she _ right now. A. reading B. reads C. is reading D. read 17. Before long, he _ all about the matter. A. will have forgotten B. will forget C. forgets D. forgot 18. We dont go unless you _ soon. A. had come B. came C. has said D. has been saying 19. Do be quiet! Im trying to hear what the man _. A. says B. is saying C. has said D. has been saying 20. Smith_ his friends for money. A. often ask B. is often asking C. often asks D. has been asked 21. Twelve inches _ one foot. A. make B. makes C. is making D. will make 22. While Connie _ a baseball match, her sister is typewriting a letter in her office. A. Has watched B. watches C. is watching D. has been watching 23. James Watt _ the steam engine A. was inventing B. invented C. had invented D. has invented 24. The possibility of the flood was just reported over the radio. I know. I heard abut it. The river _ the top of its bank. A. got B. get C. gets D. has got 25. Wheres your uncles home? _ in Boston in the past years. A. Hes lived B. Hes living C. He lives D. He lived 26. I _ him a lot during the past two weeks. A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. am seeing 27. They cant leave until they _ their work. A. did B. are doing C. have done D. had done 28. Will you please lend me the book when you _ it? A. will finish B. have finished C. will have finished D. finishing 29. Is that the first time you _ Beijing? A. have visited B. would visited C. visited D. have been visiting 30. She has worked in this factory _. A. after 1968 B. in 1968 C. since 1968 D. for 1968 31. _ three years since I left school. Now I miss my classmate very much. A. It was B. It have been C. It is D. It had been 32. My parents have lived here _. A. since 1952 B. for many years ago C. many yeas ago D. since 1952 ago 33. My parents have lived here _. A. It have been B. It is C. It was D. That is 34. So far, she _ her holiday very much. A. hasnt enjoyed B. didnt enjoy C. doesnt enjoy D. was not enjoy 35. Your arm is bleeding ！ Yes, I _ it with a knife. A. hurt B. was hurting C. have just hurt D. had hurt 36. His grandfather _ for thirty years. A. died B. was dead C. has been dead D. has died 37. My brother _ the Youth League for two years. A. has been in B. has entered C. has taken part D. has joined 38. They will be as tall as you soon, it they _. A. would help growing like that B. keep to grow like it C. keep growing like that D. will keep growing like that 39. We used to go skiing in the Michigan every winter, but _ for the past five seasons. A. I dont go B. I havent gone C. Im not going D. I didnt go 40. Have you read the book I gave you? No, But _ going to read it soon. A. Id be B. Ill be C. Ive been D. Im 41. I will come when I _ free. A. will be B. shall be C. was D. am 42. When I arrived in Birmingham the sun _. A. has been shining B. shone C. has shone D. was shining 43. James has just arrived, but I didnt know he _ until yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. has been coming D. comes 44. I heard you talking to somebody just now. Oh, I _ to myself. A. have only talked B. only talk C. was only talking D. have only been talking 45. The teacher _ it was important to know English grammar. A. had always been saying B. was always saying C. had always had said D. was always said 46. As he _ I couldnt ask him anything. A. will already left B. have already left C. had already left D. already leaves 47. By the end of last term, we _ 2, 500 words. A. had learned B. has learned C. has been learned D. learned 48. When we got to the airport, we found that the plane _. A. had already taken off B. already took off C. was already taken off D. was already taking off 49. As soon as Johns mother _ out, he stole some food. A. goes B. had gone C. was going D. were going 50. The singer had lived in California before he _ university. A. had been sent B. had been sending C. was sending D. was sent 51. The singer had lived in California before he _ university. A. would return B. had return C. will return D. should return 52. It was December 20. In five days it would be Christmas Day. The Lord Mayor , together with overseas students, _ to celebrate it . A. was going B. will go C. is going D. went 53. When I reached the station, the train _ already _. A. had . left B. were . leaving C. was . left D. had .been left 54. While I _ my breakfast the morning post came. A. had had B. had been having C. was having D. have had 55. By eleven oclock yesterday, we _ at the airport. A. had arrived B. have arrived C. shall arrive D. arrive 56. I was hungry. I _ nothing all day. A. ate B. had eaten C. had been eating D. have eaten 57. My father will be here tomorrow. Oh, I thought that he _ today. A. was coming B. is coming C. will come D. comes 58. I thought that honesty _ the best policy. A. was B. is C. were D. been 59. When I was at middle school, I knew that William Shakespeare _ in 1564. A. was born B. had been born C. is born D. has born 60. He is so rich that be _ to work. A. hasnt been B. havent C. doesnt have D. isnt being 四、随堂监测B组用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1. Li Ping often _ (read) English in the morning. 2. _ he _ (clean) the windows once a week. 3. The workers _ (have) sports on the playground now. 4. How long _ you _ (stay) there the day before yesterday. 5. Who _ (listen) to the music? 6. When I _ (be) a middle school student, I often _ (sing). 7. His parents _(go) to the Great Wall tomorrow morning. 8. _ they _ (study) Japanese next term? 9. What time _ you _ (do) your homework everyday. 10. Look! The students _ (clean) the classroom. 11. What _your after _ (do) yesterday? He _ (write) two letters.12. There _ (be) a football match on TV this evening. 13. My father _ (leave) for Japan tomorrow morning. 14. Tom _ (not listen) to the radio every morning. 15. _ (be) there any hospitals here twenty years ago? 16. I _ (come) to see you again before long. 17. _ there _ (be) an English evening next Saturday? 18. _ your uncle _ (have) a meeting last Friday? 19. What _ the young Pioneers _ (do) on the hill now? 20. They _ (not go) fishing on Sunday. 21. How many classes _ you _ (have) every day. 22. Its seven in the evening, Toms family _ (watch) TV. 23. He _ (join) the army in 1985. He _ (be) still in the army how. 24. I _ (visit) my friend next Sunday. 25. If it snows tomorrow, we _ (play) with snow. 26. I _ (make) a lot of mistakes in my test yesterday. 27. _ it _ (snow) outside now? No, it _. 28. Where _ they _ (live)? They _ (live) in Shanghai. 29. If it _ (rain) this morning, we wont go shopping. 30. Listen! Who _（sing）in the next room? 31. The teacher _（not teach）us a Chinese song，he _（teach）us an English song two days ago. 32. If I am free this evening，I _（help）you with your maths. 33. _you _（be）there tomorrow? No，I _. 34. Where _（be）your parents last year? They _（be）in Xian. 35. Why _ they _（go）to the library after school yesterday? Because they _（want）to borrow some books. 36. What _ you _（do）these days? 37. Dont make a noise. Grandma _（sleep）. 38. Sometimes he _（help）his mother with the housework. 39. Please write to us as soon as you _（get）there. 40. We _（show）the foreign friends around Beijing when they get here. 41. Well wait till you _（make）up your mind. 42. They _ just _（talk）about you. 43. Where _he _（be）? He _（be）to the bank. 44. _ you_（visit）the Science Museum? -Yes，I_. 45. _she _（tell）you the good news? -No，she _. 46. How long _ your m