当代研究生英语下册TextA英汉对照.doc

ECIT-176190122 UNIT 4 WHOS IN CHARGE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY?1 Driven by the telecommunications revolution, the global economy is like a speeding train that keeps getting faster, says Thomas Friedman1, the New York Times foreign policy columnist. “Whats worse,” Friedman writes, “no one can slow the train down, because the world economy today is just like the Internet: everybody is connected but nobody is in charge.” 1纽约时报对外政策专栏作家托马斯弗里德曼指出，全球经济受到电信革命的驱动，就像一列正在飞驰的列车一样发展愈来愈快。弗里德曼还写道：“更糟糕的是，没有人能让该列车减速，因为今天的全球经济就像互联网一样，人人与之相连，但没有人能控制它。”2 The idea that the global economy is out of control has a certain appeal to those who feel left in the dust by corporate mega-mergers, down-sizing, monolithic chain stores, ever-morphing financial markets, and an emerging culture that seems alien to human values.2面对公司大合并（并购）、正在裁员的大规模连锁店、不断变化的金融市场以及一种正在兴起的、似乎有悸人类价值观的文化，一些人感觉已经落伍，全球经济正在失控这一论点对于他们颇具吸力。3 But unlike Friedman, I have a pretty good idea whos in charge. They are trade and finance ministers of the wealthy nations, leaders of multi-national manufacturing and finance firms, and high-level staff of institutions like the International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization (WTO). A good number of them will be meeting in Seattle at the end of November, when the WTO holds its third ministerial meeting. High on the agenda will be the decision whether to launch a new “millennium” round of comprehensive trade negotiations. Many people who are concerned about the impact of globalization will have their eyes on Seattle. 3但是，与弗里德曼不同，我很了解谁控制着全球经济。他们就是富裕国家的贸易及金融部长、跨国制造公司和金融公司的领导人以及像国际货币基金组织及世界贸易组织(WTO)等机构的高级官员。他们中的许多人将参加定于l 1月底在西雅图召开的第三届世界贸易组织部长级会议。会议的首要议程是决定是否启动新一轮全面广泛的“千年”贸易谈判，许多关心全球化冲击的人们都将会关注西雅图。4 There are lots of reasons to be concerned. When leading policy-makers and economists speak about the booming global economy and the benefits of free trade, they too often ignore the people who are losing out. The CEOs of Microsoft and Boeing, co-chairs of the Seattle Host Committee for the WTO meeting, are among the winners. But the form globalization has taken has increased the gap between rich and poor nations. According to the United Nations Development Program, “the income gap between the richest fifth of the worlds people and the poorest fifth, measured by average national income per head, increased from 30 to one in 1960 to 74 to one in 1997.” Nearly 90% of all economic activity takes place in the rich nations where only 20% of the worlds population lives. The result of globalization, says the UNDP in its latest Human Development Report, is “a grotesque and dangerous polarization between people and countries benefiting from the system and those that are merely passive recipients of its effects.”4这里有许多因素值得关注。主要的决策者和经济学家们在谈沦急速发展的全球经济以及自由贸易的好处时，经常忽略那些失败者。赢家中包括微软和波音的首席执行官们，他们将联合，他们将联合担任本次世界贸易组织西雅图会议接待委员会的主席。但是，已经形成的全球化形态加大了富国与穷国之间的差距。据联合国开发计划署披露，“按人均国民收入计算，世界L最富裕的五个国家与最穷的五个国家之间的收入差距从1960年的30:l增加到1997年的74:l。” 近90的经济活动发生在仅生活着世界人口20的富国中。联合国开发计划署在最近的人类发展报告中指出： 全球化的结果是“受益于该体制的人群和国家与那些被动接受其结果的人群和国家之间将形成危险的两极分化”。 5 Inequality is also growing within nations, and globalization is a key factor. Since 1977, according to a new study from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, the income of the wealthiest one percent of Americans has risen 120%, while the income of the poorest sixty percent has actually declined over the same period. Forbes reports that the richest 400 Americans now control more than $1 trillion in personal wealth. The Economic Policy Institute concludes that globalization and related shifts from industrial to service employment account for about one-third of the growth in U.S. wage inequality over the past generation.When employers are free to site their activities anywhere in the world, it is no surprise that jobs shift to locations with lower wages, less respect for human rights, and weaker environmental and public health protections. “Ideally, youd have every plant you own on a barge,” was the way General Electrics CEO put it, describing how his company moved a factory from Mexico to Korea in only 45 days.5各国内部的不平等现象也在增长，而全球化是一个关键因素。预算与优惠政策研究中心的一项新的研究表明，自1997年以来，占全美人口1的最富者，其收入增长了120，而最穷的60人口的收入在同一时期反而下降了。据福布斯杂志报道，最富的400个美国人现在控制着1万亿美元以上的个人资产。经济政策学院的结沦是：经济全球化以及与其相关使就业从产业向服务业转变占了上一代美国人的工资差异增加额的大约1/3。当雇主们可以在世界各地自由地选择他们的活动地点时，工作转向那些工资水平低、人权状况差、环境与公共健康保护不利的地区是不奇怪的。通用电器公司的首席执行官在描述他的公司仅用了45天就把一工厂从墨西哥迁了韩国时说：“最理想的方式是，你所拥有的每一个工厂都在一艘大货船上” 6 And when large corporations are as big as medium-sized governments (GEs annual sales are about the same as Australias and Brazils federal budgets), it is no surprise that global commerce is organized to meet corporate requirements.6当大公司和中等国家一般大时(通用电器公司的年销售额大慨相当于澳大利亚和巴西的联邦预算)，全球贸易按公司的需要来组织就不足为奇了7 Without rules in place that create enforceable procedures to protect workers interests, the environment, and human interests that do not appear on corporate balance sheets, the global economy runs like a race to the bottom for the vast majority of people in the United States and throughout the world. That is why the World Trade Organization, where the rules of the global economy are set, is such a crucial institution.7对于大多数美国及其他国家的人来说，没有适当的规则去创建可行的（经济运行方案以保护那些公司资产负债表上显示不出来的工人的利益，环境和人类利益全球经济的运行就像在最低层的经济竞争状态那样无序。这就是为什么设定全球经济规则的世界贸易组织是一个如此重要的公共机构。8 Established in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the WTO is an international organization that is “writing the constitution of a single global economy”, according to former WTO Director General Renato Ruggiero. The WTO aims to increase global trade by reducing restrictions on cross-border commerce, such as tariffs (taxes on imports). According to classical theory, an international economy works most efficiently if each nation produces those goods it is most suited to produce, and trades them for goods in which other nations have a “comparative advantage”. 8. 作为关税及贸易总协定的继承者，成立于1995年的世界贸易组织是一个国际性机构。按照世界贸易组织前任总干事雷纳托鲁杰罗的说法，“它书写着全球经济的宪法” 世界贸易组织的目的就是要通过减少跨边境商务限制，如关税(进口税)等，来增加全球贸易量。根据传统理论，如果每一个国家都生产适合本国条件的产品，并将其产品与其他国家有“相对优势”的商品进行贸易，国际经济的运行就会达到最佳效果。9 But in the new global economy, international trade is not just cross-border sales of cars, bananas, sneakers, and other products. It includes dealings as diverse as: international currency transactions, which amount to more than $1.5 trillion a day; stock and bond markets in major cities that attract global speculators; the sale of images and ideas, also known as “intellectual property”; sales of services like insurance and banking; and transfer of goods from a corporate subdivision in one country to its subdivision in another, which accounts for some 40% of all trade in goods.9但在新的全球经济中，国际贸易不仅是汽车、香蕉、运动鞋以及其他商品的跨境销售，它还包括以下各种交易： 总计每天超过15万亿美元的国际货币流通业务； 吸引着全球投机者的主要城市的股票和债券市场； 各种各样的形象构造和理念思想(即“知识产权”)的出售； 银行和保险等行业的服务销售； 货物运输：把货物从某公司在一个国家的分支机构转运到其在另一个国家的分支机构。货运占据了大约所有货物商品交易的40。10 And in the new “free trade” philosophy, laws that regulate any business activity in order to protect public health, the environment, human rights, or local community interests may be considered “non-tariff barriers to trade”, and be prohibited.10从新的“自由贸易”观念来看，为了保护公众健康、环境、人权以及本地利益而限制某些商业行为的法律，都可能被认为是“非关税贸易壁垒”，因此会被取缔。11 It is at the WTO where the people in charge of the global economy set the rules for what can be protected, what can be regulated, and what punishments can be imposed on whoever breaks the rules. When the WTO met in Singapore three years ago, it rejected a proposal to incorporate labor standards, such as the right to organize unions and prohibit child labor, into the “free trade” rules. It did, however, agree to allow nations to protect intellectual property, such as patents and trademarks. Following that summit, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions noted that “Mickey Mouse has more rights than the workers who make toys, because the WTO covers trademarks but not labor standards.” 11在世界贸易组织里，全球经济负责人对需要保护或禁止的事情设置规则，并对违反规则者实施相应的处罚。世界贸易组织三年前在新加坡召开首脑会议时，否决了一项提议把劳工标准纳入“自由贸易”规则里的提案，其中包括组织工会的权利和禁止雇用童工。可是这次会议却同意允许各个国家保护如专利和商标等的知识产权。这次首脑会议之后，国际自由贸易联盟联合会评沦道：“米老鼠比制造玩具的工人的权利还要多，因为世界贸易组织保护商标而不接纳劳工标准。”12 In general, the WTO has adopted rules which are in the interest of trans-national business and rejected rules opposed by business. WTO policies have been protested by representatives of “civil society”, such as unions, consumer activists, environmentalists, indigenous people, and womens groups. In Mexico, where a currency crisis threw the nation into depression shortly after implementation of NAFTA, small business owners were in the streets, too, opposing “free trade”. Poor countries of the global south, which disagree with northern unions over labor protections, agree the WTO is not working in the interests of most people.12总体而言，世界贸易组织采纳了有利于跨国商务活动的规则，拒绝了商务活动反对的规则。世界贸易组织的政策遭到了来自“民间社团”的代表，如工会、消费者积极分子、环境保护主义者、土著居民、妇女团体等的反对。墨西哥在执行北美自由贸易协定不久，货币危机使国家陷入经济萧条，小业主们也走向街头反对“自由贸易”。不同意北部联盟有关劳动保护条款的南半球的贫穷国家也认为世界贸易组织并不为大多数人谋福利。 13 Since the 1996 Singapore summit, which concluded the “Uruguay Round” of negotiations, the WTO has ruled against provisions of the U.S. Clean Air Act, which would have blocked the use of dirty, imported gasoline. The WTO ruled against European laws which banned the sale of beef raised (in the U.S.) with artificial growth hormones. Laws that ban the import of products made by child labor could be ruled illegal as well. 13，1996年的新加坡峰会结束了乌拉圭回合谈判。在那之后，世界贸易组织已经否决美国的空气净化法案。这项法案试图限制使用有污染的进口石油。世界贸易组织还否决了欧洲有关禁止出售(在美国)用人造生长激素喂养的牛肉的法律。有关禁止进口由童工制造的产品的法律也有可能被裁定为无效立法。UNIT 6 FROM POPPING THE QUESTION TO POPPING THE PILL1 There have been major changes in attitudes toward courtship and marriage among those middle-class, educated Americans who are celebrated in the media and who are style setters for American life. Courtship was once a regular part of American life; it was a long period, sometimes lasting for many years, and also a tentative one, during which a future husband or wife could still turn back but during which their relationship became more and more exclusive and socially recognized. Courtship both preceded the announcement of an engagement and followed the announcement, although a broken engagement was so serious that it could be expected to throw the girl into a depression from which she might never recover. 1那些中产阶级、受过教育，并在广播、电视、报纸等媒体方面占据主要位置的美国人是美国生活方式的典型代表。在他们中间，对待求婚与结婚的态度变化很大。求婚原来曾是美国人生活中的正常现象，恋爱的过程也很长，有的长达数年，而且带有考验性质。在这一过程中男女双方都可以改变原来的态度，拒绝对方的爱。当然有许多人之间的关系可能越来越专一，也逐渐地为社会所认可。人们一般是先恋爱后订婚，但也有先订婚后恋爱的。不过，订了婚再后悔是很糟糕的事，这会把一个姑娘推向痛苦的深渊而永远无法解脱。2 There were definite rules governing the courtship period, from the “bundling” permitted in early New England days, when young couples slept side by side with all their clothes .on, to strict etiquette that prescribed what sort of gifts a where expensive presents were customary. Gifts had to be either immediately consumable, like candy or flowers, or indestructible, like diamondswhich could be given back, their value unimpaired, if there was a rift in the relationship. Objects that could be damaged by use, like gloves and furs, were forbidden. A gentleman might call for a lady in a cab or in his own equipage, but it was regarded as inappropriate for him to pay for her train fare if they went on a journey.2以前恋爱期间的男女双方要遵守许多明确的规范。从早年新英格兰时期流传下来的一个习惯是，恋爱的青年男女可以在一起“和衣而睡”。在送贵重礼品成风的圈子里，一个男子要对自己的未婚妻送什么样的礼物也有严格的讲究。礼物可以是马上就能用的，如糖果或鲜花，或不易损坏的，如钻石如果关系破裂了，还可以退回，价值也不会受损。容易用旧、用坏的物品，诸如手套和皮货之类的东西是禁止赠送的。男方可以雇出租马车或者用自家的马车去接女方，但如一起乘火车旅行男方为女方付旅费则被视为是不合适的。 3 How much chaperoning was necessary, and how much privacy the courting couple was allowed, was a matter of varying local custom. Long walks home through country lanes after church and sitting up in the parlor after their elders had retired for the night may have been permitted, but the bride was expected to be a virgin at marriage. The procedure for breaking off an engagement, which included the return of letters and photographs, was a symbolic way of stating that an unconsummated relationship could still be erased from social memory.3未婚少女需要多少长辈的陪伴、恋爱期间的男女可以亲密到什么程度视地区习俗而异。从教堂做完礼拜出来男女双方可以相伴着步行回家。父母睡觉去了，他们还町以坐住客厅聊天，甚至到天亮。但有一条规矩必须遵守：姑娘在正式结婚之前要保持处女的贞节。如果婚约破裂的话，也有一些必要手续要办，比如退还信件或照片等。这种做法表明完婚前中断关系依然为社会所接受。4 The wedding day was the highest point in a girls lifea day to which she looked forward all her unmarried days and to which she looked back for the rest of her life. The splendor of her wedding, the elegance of dress and veil, the cutting of the cake, the departure amid a shower of rice and confetti, gave her an accolade of which no subsequent event could completely rob her. Today people over 50 years of age still treat their daughters wedding this way, prominently displaying the photographs of the occasion. Until very recently, all brides books prescribed exactly the same ritual they had prescribed 50 years before. The etiquette governing wedding presentsgifts that were or were not appropriate, the brides maiden initials on her linenwas also specified. For the bridegroom the wedding represented the end of his free, bachelor days, and the bachelor dinner the night before the wedding symbolized this loss of freedom. A woman who did not marryeven if she had the alibi of a fianc who had been killed in war or had abilities and charm and money of her ownwas always at a social disadvantage, while an eligible bachelor was sought after by hostess after hostess.4举行婚礼的这一天是一个姑娘一生中最美好的时刻：这一天婚前她一直盼望着，而婚后她也将值得她永远回忆。婚礼的场面一般都蔚为壮观。华丽高贵的结婚礼服及面纱，切蛋糕的场面，离开时祝福的人们撒来的米粒和五彩纸屑，交织在一起为新娘谱写了一曲新婚颂歌，使她一乍都难以忘却。直到今天，五十来岁的人还以这样的方式为自己的女儿举行婚礼，并把婚礼照片放在最显眼的位置。如今不少婚礼指南上描述的礼仪习俗还与50年前一样。还专门制定有判别婚礼那天所送礼品的规则：如那些礼品得体，那些不得体，应该在新娘内衣绣上她少女时所用全名的首字母缩写，等等。对于新郎来说，婚礼则意味着他自由的单身生活的结束。婚礼前夜新郎吃的那顿单身汉晚餐就标志着这种自由的终结。一个单身女人即使说自己曾经的情人在战场上死去了，或说自己有能力、有魅力、还有金钱，她在社会上的地位仍然很低下。而对一个合适的未婚男子来说，求婚的人会络绎不绝。5 Courtship ended at the altar, as the bride waited anxiously for the bridegroom who might not appear or might have forgotten the ring. Suppliant gallantry was replaced overnight by a reversal of roles, the wife now becoming the one who read her husbands every frown with anxiety lest she displease him. 5走进教堂意味着男人完成了他的求婚任务。这时新娘会急切地等待着新郎，担心他不来或忘记带上结婚戒指。新郎一夜之问地位就发生了变化，过去的那种屈尊求爱的殷勤荡然无存，做妻子的则要看丈夫的脸色，生怕做错什么事会惹他生气。6 This set of rituals established a rhythm between the future husband and wife and between the two sets of parents who would later become co-grandparents. It was an opportunity for mistakes to be corrected; and if the parents could not be won over, there was, as a last resort, elopement, in which the young couple proclaimed their desperate attraction to each other by flouting parental blessing. Each part of the system could be tested out for a marriage that was expected to last for life. We have very different ways today.6结婚典礼这一整套仪式将使青年男女之间，以及他们与双方父母之建立新的关系。如果有什么缺陷的话，那么婚姻是个纠正错误的好机会。如果两个执着相爱的恋人不能说服双方的父母同意，那只有不要父母的祝福而私奔。与此相关的每个角色都可以通过婚姻来检验，因为婚姻被认为是一辈子的事。然而，现在人们对此的态度已是不可同日而语了。7 Since World War I, changes in relationships between the sexes have been occurring with bewildering speed. The automobile presented a challenge to chaperonage that American adults met by default. From then on, except in ceremonial and symbolic ways, chaperonage disappeared, and a style of premarital relationship was set up in which the onus was put on the girl to refuse inappropriate requests, while each young man declared his suitability by asking for favors that he did not expect to receive. The disappearance of chaperonage was facilitated by the greater freedom of middle-aged women who began to envy their daughters freedom, which they had never had. Social forms went through a whole series of rapid changes: The dance with formal partners and programs gave way to occasions in which mothers, or daughters, invited many more young men than girls, and the popular girl hardly circled the dance floor twice in the same mans arms. Dating replaced courtshipnot as a prelude to anything but rather as a way of demonstrating popularity. Long engagements became increasingly unfashionable, and a series of more tentative commitments became more popular. As college education became the norm for millions of young people, “pinning” became a common stage before engagement. The ring was likely to appear just before the wedding day. And during the 1950s more and more brides got married while pregnantbut they still wore the long white veil, which was a symbol of virginity. 7第一次世界大战以来，男女之问的关系发生了惊人的变化。小汽车的普及使父母监督、伴随自己的子女成为不可能的事。从那时起，除了在正式的场合下有人象征性地陪伴之外，一般场合男女青年可以单独接触。现在男女双方婚前关系的特点是，男方可以提出一些非份的、并不期待得到满足的要求，以表白自己（求婚）的诚意，而女方有责任拒绝不正当的请求。陪伴和监督自己子女现象的消失还因为中年妇女享有越来越大的自由，她们甚至羡慕自己的女儿拥有她们过没有的自由。交际的形式也发生了一系列的迅速变化。原先的那种同正式舞伴跳舞以及按节目程序进行的做法已让位于随便选择舞伴，女儿们甚至母亲们多半愿意邀请比女孩子人数多得多的年轻男子去跳舞。舞池内的明星姑娘一晚不可能与同一男子跳两次舞。幽会代替了求婚。幽会并不能说明两人之问有什么正式关系，而只是他们炫耀受人青睐的机会。订婚的做法也已经过时了，双方履行一定承诺的考验性同居则越来越时髦。上大学成为千百万青年人追求的目标，在那里同居已经成为订婚前的一种常见的做法。结婚戒指要等到举行婚礼前才拿出来。50年代有很多姑娘是怀着身孕去教堂结婚的。她们结婚时依然身披白色的婚纱，而那原本是童贞的象征。8 In this conservative, security-minded decade love became less important than marriage, and lovers almost disappeared from parks and riverbanks as young people threatened each other: “Either you marry me now, or Ill marry someone else.” Courtship and dating were embraced by young people in lower grades in school, until children totally unready for sex were enmeshed by the rituals of pairing off. Marriage became a necessity for everyone, for boys as well as for girls: Mothers worried if their sons preferred electronic equipment or chess to girls and pushed their daughters relentlessly into marriage. who felt their marriages were failing began to worry about whether they ought to get a divorce, divorce becoming a duty to an unfulfilled husband or to children exposed to an unhappy marriage. Remarriage was expected, until finally, with men dying earlier than women there were no men left to marry. The United States became the most married country in the world. Children, your own or adopted, were just as e