文献阅读与翻译整理.doc

1单元3. Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureSyntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. 2. Principles or Criteria of TranslationWhenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide”-xin, da, ya, namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy.Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3. Literal Translation and Free Translation Literal translation (直译) and free translation (意译) are two dynamic approaches in dealing with such awkward situations. For example, crocodiles tears (鳄鱼的眼泪), armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿), chain reaction (连锁反应), gentlemens agreement (君子协定), and so on. Similarly, some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation. For example, 纸老虎 (paper tiger),一国两制 (one country, two systems ), and so on.Adams Apple 喉结at sixes and sevens 乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。 (不必自寻烦恼。)Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗?In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication. In actual practice, we often alternate or combine these two approaches instead sticking to either.Special Attention: The Translation of DocumentationIn order to expand his/her scope of knowledge, a conscientious translator should always do two things on his/her own: (1) constantly exposing himself/herself to various reading materials, various documents etc. on all subject relevant to his/her work; (2) conscientiously consulting the relevant background materials or referential materials on the subject dealt with by the text so as to keep up with the latest development of science and technology.1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation.1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.( 这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时斯;这是智惫的年代,这是愚蠢的年代;这是充满信仰的时代,这是顾虑重重的时代;这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节;这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬;我们拥有一切，我们一无所有;我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱.)2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.( 一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背;它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒,抹去泪汪汪;它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎;它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。)2. Put the following passage into Chinese.As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization. 作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。 专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前入的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。3. Put the following passage into English.翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。表达性是使译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。Translation is the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translation is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the authors ideas. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his authors idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.Unit 2 Professional Papers（4hrs）4) Formatted Elements（格式化内容）Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, 3. European Degrees In Germany and at most Continental universities, only the doctors degree is conferred, except in theology, in which the licentiate, or masters degree, is also presented. Granting of the doctorate is contingent upon the acceptance of a dissertation and the passing of examinations. The baccalaureate, or bachelors degree, is usually not a university degree in Europe. In France, it is acquired by passing a state examination at the completion of secondary education; the only university-conferred baccalaureate is that awarded by the faculty of law.(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scottis office with a story. (1) it refers to “event”; (2) “situation”; (3) “inside information”; (4) “statement”; (5) “experience”; (6) “law case.” (1)这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。(2)现在的情况完全不同了。(3)有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。(4)如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。(5)丽泰海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。(6)一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。(1) 申请书Letter of Application(2) 报告书 Report(3) 协议书 Agreement(4) 成绩通知书Grade Report(5) (使用)说明书Directions(6) 旅行委托书Booking Form(7) 成交确认书 Sales Confirmation(8) 电视机使用说明书Television Operation Guide(9) 白皮书WhiteBook(10) 家书Letter from Home.3) Judging from the Context and Collocation Look at “develop” in the following cases.(1) His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障)(2) Modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)(3) Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷针)(4) A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(5) Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (提出理论)(6) To develop the capabilities of geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)(7) Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)(8) As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病(9) We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. (开发资源)(10) Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)(11) In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. (进行设计)4) Judging from Different Branches of Learning and SpecialtiesFor example, the word “base”:(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。(化学)(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。(电子)(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB 线是三角形ABC的底边。 (数学)(5) He is on the second base.他在二垒。(体育)Unit Three Reports4. Linguistic Features of Reports1 Various Patterns 2 Self-sufficient 3 More Active Voice 4 Clear Citation 5 Standard Language6. Sample Analysis MEMORANDUMTO: Audrey Rivers Manager, Human Resources FROM: Kevin Young Personnel AssistantSUBJECT: Evaluation of the Roning Groups “Meetings” SeminarDATE: March 19, 1995I found The Roiling Groups “Meetings” seminar to be well worth attending and recommend that it be made available to all supervisory employees.The attached folder describes the seminar in detail. Its full title is “Increasing the Effectiveness of Business Meetings,” and it is available in two formats: as a public seminar, such as the one I attended, and as a kit for in-house presentation. Attendance al a public seminar costs $85 per person. The kit, which contains sufficient materials to train 48 employees, costs $1200, which is equivalent to $25 per person.The seminar I attended was held at the downtown Holiday Inn from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. yesterday, March 18. You asked me to attend se that I could evaluate its suitability for company adoption.During the morning the seminar leader demonstrated techniques for improving meeting performance and then assigned us to two groups and gave us roles to play as meeting participants.In the afternoon:For the first hour, group one held a meeting and group two evaluated the meeting participants performance on a one-to-one basis.For the second hour, the groups roles were reversed.The seminar leader then summed up and drew attention to our strengths and weaknesses.I found the seminar to be an excellent learning experience. The atmosphere was relaxed, the participants were actively involved for more than 75% of the time and had realistic, recognizable roles to play, and the scenarios for the two meetings were both relevant and thoroughly developed. Of particular value were the comments we could make on one anothers performance as meeting participants.I suggest we purchase the Roiling Groups “Meetings” kit and use it to train our managers and supervisors to hold more efficient meetings. The experience I gained at yesterdays seminar has prepared me to rim in-house workshops.(The signature of Kevin)Notes1这是一份非正式报告。人事助理Kevin在参加一次最近召开的研讨会后向人事部经理 递交的份对该会的评估报告。这种报告实际上是一种备忘录式的报告，因此叫Memorandum。 To指收件人，From指报告人。2Subject：Subject line主题项，它后面是报告的主要内容。 有些信函使用”Re:”即表示 with reference to (关于)；”In Re:”即表示referring to(关于)3. 这类报告一般分为以下部分：summary statement，background，description (of the seminar)， evaluation (of the seminar), and outcomeSample 2ROBERTSON ENGINEEERING SERVICESINSPECTION REPORTALTERATLIONS TO AND REDECORATION OF NEW OFFICES FORTHE TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENTExcept for some minor deficiencies, the repair and renovation work is complete. The offices can be occupied on November I, as scheduled.These offices were previously occupied by Nor-West Distributors, who vacated them on September 30, 1994. A contract for renovating and redecorating the promises was let to Craven Builders Inc. on October 2; it specified the work to be done and a completion date of October 30, 1994. The contractor notified us on October 26 that the work was complete and I inspected the premises on October 27.The contractor has done a generally good job. There are no signs that the previous temporary walls existed or have been removed, and the new temporary walls look like permanent structures. Decorating quality is very good.The following deficiencies were noted and must be corrected by the contractor:.1. The rubber underlay needs to be relaid under parts of the fitted carpet in the northeast corner of the main office. Currently it is bunched in seven or eight places.2. The pelmets over all four windows need to be extended to the specified 78-inch width. Currently they are only 64 inches wide.3. The door to the managers office needs to be rehung so that it closes fully and the lock engages.4. Four of the lighting fixtures need to be maligned so that they are all at the same level.5. The cove needs to be installed at the foot of all walls.These deficiencies will not prevent the Technical Publications Department from occupying the offices on November I. although I suggest that furniture should not be placed in the northeast section of the main office until the carpet underlay has been relaid. All other deficiencies can be corrected without interfering with the departments operations.I suggest that a second inspection be scheduled before contractor payment is approvedNotes这是一份检查报告。报告分以下部分：(1) summary statement: telling readers right away what they most want to know-that the new facility is ready(2)background：the details leading up to his inspection visit(3)findings：conditions found + deficiencies(4)outcome：the result of the inspection上述四部分构成了这类报告的一般模式。Sample 3: Formal reportESTABLISHING AN ACCEPTABLE SOUND LEVELThe effect that sound has on each person varies considerably. What to some people may be simply background noise they hardly notice, to others may be an offensive jarring that interferes with their work and their rest. Consequently, the extent to which a sound level is psychologically damaging to each person cannot be specifically defined 1.Specific legislation has, however, been promulgated throughout the USA to protect workers in industrial situations against sound that can damage their inner ears and contribute to permanent hearing loss. Generally, the threshold at which sound can cause damage is 82 decibels (a decibel is a unit of sound level measurement). 2 The higher the sound level is above 82 decibels, the shorter the individuals tolerance to the sound before damage starts occurring. Our initial observation of the MAAC offices indicated that the sound level probably did not use above the 82 decibel threshold,However, Indianas Environment Protection Department has defined maximum sound levels for comfortable working conditions in various types of business offices, and has legislated the following criteria in Standard EPS 1817: 3For a high-traffic area with interactionbetween workers and the public: 70dB*For a primarily “desk work” area: 55dBFor a dedicated study area: 42dB*dB=decibel (a unit of sound measurement)As MAAC staff are engaged mostly in individual desk work, the sound level in their office should not exceed 55 dB.SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENTSSound levels were recorded on July 15, 1994 with a Nabuchi model 1600 sound level meter set to the “A” scale. Levels were recorded at eight locations in the MAAC offices (six in room 216 and two in room 218) and at one location in the Acme Bazaar and Novelty Supplies office (room 214), as shown in Figure I. The measurements were taken under four operating conditions:When only MAAC was working.When both MAAC and Acme Bazaar and Novelty Supplies were working.When only Acme Bazaar and Novelty Supplies was working.When neither company was working.Only one measurement was taken in mom 214, because we wine permitted only shortterm access to the Acme office.The recorded sound levels are listed in Appendix A and illustrated graphically in Figure 2. These show that the sound level in mom 216 exceeds the criterion for a desk work area by approximately 20 dB at the west end of the room and by about 6 dB at the east end of the room. In room 218 the sound levels are about 4 dB better than the criterion. Comparison of sound levels: Both MAAC and ACME officesworking vs only MAAC office working.The source of the excessive sound is a Vancourt 2120 shrink-wrap and packaging machine operated by Acme Bazaar and Novelty Supplies. This machine was installed on March 25, 1994, and is positioned 4 feet from the wall that separates room 214 from room 216. The sound level measured 3 feet from the machine is 84 dB. At two positions in the MAAC office, 5 feet from the wall, the sound level is 74 to 76 dB. This is the maximum level measured in the MAAC offices.REDUCING THE EXCESSIVE SOUND LEVELThe sound from the shrinkwrap and packaging machine is being transmitted into room 216 partly through the building structure (i.e. through the floor tile on which the machine stands, into the flooring m the next room, and up th