非谓语动词(cindy).doc

非谓语动词The function of the infinitive(不定式)1. To say is easy, but to do is difficult .2. My dream is to go college some day. 3. They wanted to help me .4. Would you like some to eat ?5. They run over to welcome the foreign visitors.6. Our teacher asked us not to talk in the class.The function of the -ing form(V-ing)1. Eating too much is bad for your health.2. His job is selling computers.3. She likes reading newspaper after supper .4. He may be in the reading room.不定式: 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一）动词不定式的特征及用法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。作主语To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking. 作宾语: decide /determine, learn ,want, expect/hope/wish; 决心学习想希望, refuse, manage, care, pretend ; 拒绝设法愿假装。 offer, promise, choose, plan; 主动答应选计划agree, ask/beg, help. 同意请求帮一帮。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. 1. We plan _ more paintings this year. (buy) 2. She is looking forward to _ art classes at her new school. (start) 3. He is attempting _ his painting by the weekend. (finish) 4. She promised _ me around the art gallery. (take) 5. Dont put off _ that exhibition. (visit)作宾语补足语 He asked me to do the work with him. 在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中, 不定式不带to。 I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. 作状语: 1).作目的状语：to do ,in order to do,和 so as to do He broke into the house to steal Something. She studied very hard in order to catch up with others. 2).作结果状语： enoughto do , tooto , soas to do , such as to doShe was so late as to miss half of the lecture.She is such a good student as to be respected by all her students.The house is large enough to hold two hundred people.3).作原因状语She was surprised to see us in the street. He laughed to hear the news. 作定语I have some books for you to read. He is looking for a room to live in. Have you anything to send? Have you anything to be sent?作表语 My job is to help the patient. 主, 表都是不定式, 前者为条件, 后者为目的或结果。 To learn a language is to use it. My chief purpose is _ the difficulties of the matter.A. pointing out B. to be pointed C. pointed D. to point out 动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1) He doesnt know how to use the machine. (2) How to use the machine is a question.(3) The question is when to go there.（二）动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1 一般式to do I like to read English.2 进行式to be doing He seemed to be reading something at that time.3 完成式to have done He seemed to have cleaned the room.4 被动式to be done The work is to be done soon.5 完成被动式to have been done The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2作表语We are excited at the news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum. The meeting being over, they all left the room.三、动名词动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如： Smoking does great harm to peoples health. My job is looking after children. I have finished reading the novel. We have got a swimming pool in our school.动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。例如：He made me angry by not taking the medicine.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如：Would you mind my opening the door?动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。例如：We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生)Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生）动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如：I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.She attended the party without being invited. -ing形式作主语时与不定式的区别：不定式作主语表示具体某一次的行为;-ing形式作主语表示抽象或泛指的动作Swimming is good for health，but to swim in such a polluted river is harmful to health.实际运用中一般可互换，差异不大，但下列几种情况除外： 当表语是-ing形式时，主语也要用-ing形式；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如：Seeing is believing. (To see is to believe.) 眼见为实。在Its no use/no good/a waste of time doing sth.等句型中一般用-ing形式，而不用不定式。如：It is no good keeping this secret. 此事不公开没有什么好处。It is a waste of energy arguing with her. 和她争论是浪费精力。在It is important/necessary/easy to do sth.，It is + adj. + for (of) sb. + to do sth.等句型中通常只能用不定式，而不使用-ing形式。如：It is important for you to learn English well.It is very kind of you to help us. V-ing作宾语的用法:Examples:The doctor advised taking more exerciseThe boy refused to admit stealing my money.I really enjoyed working on the farm. She had finished listening to the news. 1.仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：(请牢记下面的口诀)避免 错过 少延, 建议 完成 多练习；avoid /miss/delay/put off ; suggest/ finish /practise ; 喜欢 想象 禁不住； 承认 否定 与嫉妒；enjoy /imagine/cant help; admit/deny/envy;逃避 冒险 莫原谅； 忍受 保持 别介意。escape/risk/ excuse; stand/ keep/ mind .1.I crossed the road to _him ,but he saw me and came running towards me. A. avoid meeting B. avoid to meet C. meeting D. to meet2.If you keep _English ,you can learn English well. A practicing speak B practicing speaking C practicing to speak D to practice spoken但如果在 allow /advise /permit/forbid 后提到有关的人，就只能用不定式作宾补。We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke here.2.下列动词或词组后既可以跟动词-ing形式，也可跟动词不定式作宾语，但意义不同如: remember, forget, stop, regret , try, mean，go on ,cant help等后。如：remember doing sth forget doing sth try doing mean to do sthremember to do sth forget to do sth try to do sth mean doingregret doing stop doing cant help doing sthregret to do sth stop to do sth cant help to do sth She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off. I usually go there by train. Why not try going by boat for a change? You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret having done that.3常见的直接接动词-ing形式的短语: feel like, give up, cant help, be used to, keep on, insist on, look forward to, put off, devoteto , stick to, object to, thanks to, be busy in, get down to，have some trouble /difficulty /problems (in)等。如：He is used to reading in the morning.We are really looking forward to seeing you again._They are quiet ,arent they?_Yes .They are used _at meals. A to talk B to not talk C to talking D to not talking 4. 下列动词后接不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语均可，但有一些细微的差别。 like, love, prefer /dislike ,hate如表示经常性、习惯性的动作常用动词-ing形式，如表示特定情况或具体动作则常用动词不定式。如：I like listening to music of this kind. I like to listen to this song. They prefer going to the beach in summer. They prefer to be alone now.注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would/should 时，后面则接动词不定式。如：Id like to go swimming this weekend. I would love to meet your parents.5. begin, start, 后跟不定式和动词-ing形式，通常没有差别。但在下列三种情况下，其后需用动词不定式：A.当begin/start 用于进行时时; I am beginning to remember it. B.当begin/start的主语是物时；The snow began to melt.C.当其后的动词为不可以用于进行时的表示心理活动或精神状态的动词时。He began to feel afraid.6. need表示“需要”; require表示“要求”; want 表示“想要”,后面接动词-ing形式或 to be done结构。 如：(sth) want/need/require doing sth./to be doneThe house wants/needs/requires repairing. The house wants/needs/requires to be repaired.7. 有时动词-ing形式前面可有自己的逻辑主语。如：Would you mind my/me opening the door?Would you mind Toms sitting next to you8. 介词 + doingDespite lacking money, his parents sent him to a good university. He was late again because of getting up late.Lock the doors and windows before going out. What/How about the two of us playing games？ 注意：to 在下列短语中是介词，常跟动名词作宾语。refer to(谈到) equal to(等于、能胜任) point to(指向) turn to (转向) belong to(属于) look forward to (盼望) on the way to pay attention to be/get used to prefer to lead to (导致) devoteto /be devoted to (致力于); stick to 坚持 object to(反对) get down to (开 始认真) make contribution toI am used to watching TV in the evening. Were so much looking forward to seeing you again.特殊介词except, but, besidesHe has no choice but to lie down and sleep.I hate the kind of person who does nothing but look on.What do you like to do besides swim ? V-ing作表语动名词用作表语，说明主语是什么，可与主语交换位置,动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业” 。现在分词作表语,表主语的性质和特征,主语与表语不可互换。 Her job is looking after those wounded soldiers. My suggestion is going there tomorrow. His interest is writing for the newspaper. Compare：The news was disappointing. 形容词化了的分词。现在分词表示主语的性质；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，修饰人的嗓音、眼神、眼泪、叫声和表情等 。例如： The news is _ (inspire). I was_ at the news. (disappoint)From his _voice on the phone I know everything is well under way. （satisfy)V-ing作定语the reading room = the room which is used for readingthe writing paper = the paper which is used for writingthe drinking water =the water which is used for drinking动名词的被动形式:being doneThe officers narrowly escaped _(kill) in the hot battle.动名词的否定形式： not doing not having done / not having been doneYou will be punished for not finishing your homework on time.Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party . A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 巩固练习1. In some parts of London, missing a bus means_ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting2.The discovery of new evidence (证据) led to _. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught3.One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them. A.correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct 4.She meant _ but the look on your face suggested “No”. A.explaining B. to explain C. explanation D. to be explained5. When did you go to the States? I remember _ there when I was ten. A. having taken B. to be taken C. being taken D. to take6. He is so busy that he cant help _ the classroom.A. cleaning B. to cleaning C. to clean D. cleaned7. I have been knocking at the door, but no one answers. Why not _ at the back door? A. try knocking B. try to knockC. to try knocking D. to try to knock8. As a young man from a rich family, can you imagine _ in such a small and dirty place? A. to work B. yourself to work C. working D. work9. My uncle is considering _ his heath. A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to be improved 10. We should keep _ English every day. A. to practise speaking B. practise speaking C. practising speaking D. practising to speak 11. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 12. She was so angry that she felt like _ something at him. A. to throw B. to have thrown C. throwing D. having thrown13. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination. A. to prepare B. to be prepared C. preparing D. being prepared 14. The form needs _ in ink. A. filling in B. to fill in C. being filled in D. to be filled 15He used _on the right in China，but he soon got used _on the left in England. Ato drive；to drive Bto drive；drivingCto driving；to drive Dto drive；to driving16. Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.Ato carry Bcarrying Cto be carried Dbeing carried17. She pretended _me when I passed by.Anot seeing Bnot to seeCto not see Dhaving not seen18.He was very sorry that he had missed _her at the party.Ato see Bseeing Cto have seen Dsaw19. We regret _that the film was not worth _.Ato say；to see Bto say；seeingCsaying；to see Dsaying；to seeing20Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use _with him.Ato argue Barguing Cargued Dhaving argued21.The light in your classroom is till on.Oh，I forgot _.Aturning it off Bturn off Cto turn it off Dhaving turned it off22. Tom doesnt mind _by his father.Ato punish Bpunished Cpunishing Dbeing punishedShe attended the party without being invited. 补充练习1. _ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual. A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing2. Have you decided when_? Yes, tomorrow morning. A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving3. I really enjoy_ that kind of job. A. do B. doing C. to do D. to be doing4. Theres a hole in your bag. l know. I am going to have it_. A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended5. The next morning she found the man in bed, _ dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying6. Tell him_ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut7. The furniture _on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident . A. being delivered B. having delivered C. having been delivered D. delivered 8. He had his leg_ in the match yesterday. A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking9. I cant imagine_ that with them. A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing10. Most of the people_ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting11. Good morning. Can I help you? Id like to have this package_, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed12. Slowly she opened the letter, _. A. her hands trembled slightly B. slightly her hands were trembledC. her hands slightly trembling C. trembling her hands slightly13. All _will be present at the conference . A. parties concerned B. parties concerning C. concerned parties D. concerning parties14. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given15. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest16. Last summer I took a course on_. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made17. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied18. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing19. I can hardly imagine Peter_ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed20. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off21. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 22. Not having finished his homework, _ to watch the game. A. so he was forbidden B. he forbadeC. he was forbidden D. mother forbid him 23. The _ world population is the result of recent advances in medical science. A. increased B. increase C. being increasing D. Increasing24. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave25. Cleaning women in big cities usually get_ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay26. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make27. Robert is said_ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. t