托福写作Goldenrules同义替换.doc

TOFEL writing重述语意 意义 写作评分要求。 行文需要。2. 方法 同义词替换； 同根词替换； 使用短语进行替换； 使用全新的表达法进行替换。1. 同义词替换 科学技术的发展使人们能够非常轻松的学习知识。 发展 development, progress, update, advance, evolution, growth, expansion, 学习知识 acquire accumulate gain knowledge obtain enrich2. 同根词替换 方法： 添加前缀：改变词的意义。 后缀：主要改变词性。 优势： 避免重复原文当中的词语， 显现词汇变化技巧。Happiness v.s. pleasure 例如: 科学技术的发展使人们能够非常轻松的学习知识。 发展： The development of science and technology As science and technology develop 能够： be able to do sth be capable of doing sth have the ability (capability) of doing sth enable sb. to do sthMore examples 动词转名词 discover discovery move movement react reaction fail failure refuse refusal 形容词转名词 careless carelessness difficult difficulty different difference applicable applicability intense intensity名词化（nominalization） 优势：把某些陈述型的句式转化成更客观的评价句，更符合议论文的要求。 方法1： 利用动词的名词性后缀，-tion, -ment, -isation, -ness, -ity等。 He can not be persuaded. He is immune to all persuasion. Human activity has damaged natural environment and almost exhausted natural resources. Human activity has caused severe damage to natural environment and natural resources exhaustion. 方法2：变成动名词形式-ing 1) More and more students go abroad because they want to receive better education and find a better job in the future. Going abroad could provide students with better education and a better job in the future. 2) If people drink tea habitually over several years, bone density could be preserved in both men and women. Habitual tea drinking over several years preserves bone density in both men and women. 3) It reveals human kindness that rich countries give help to other countries in trouble time. Helping other countries in troubled times also reveals human kindness. 方法3：固定的转换表达 if there is no = lack of=the absence of = shortage/ scarcity dont know = the ignorance of didnt do =failure in doing can read/ can write = literacy cant read/ cant write = illiteracy 名词化的结构 1. of +noun Some courses are shorter and some are longer. =Courses of varying length A truly significant matter = a matter of true significance 孩子应该如何度过自己的休闲时间？ 如果小孩子被家长强迫做一些他们不喜欢的事情，或者他们喜欢做的事情被社会忽视为是没有价值或重要性的，他们是不会真正感到快乐的。 Children cannot be really happy if they are compelled by parents to do what they do not enjoy doing, or if what they enjoy doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 2. Noun+of To study Chinese history = the study of Chinese history To misunderstand the meaning of happiness =The misunderstanding of the meaning of happiness 住城里好还是小镇好？ 现在，鼓励、发展城市已经成为了国家优先政策。 Nowadays, encouragement and development of the city was to be a national priority.3. noun+prep. (with, to about, at) students were able to reach the computer. =students access to the computer Technology is getting better. =Advance in technology 电视对人们生活的影响： 很多人是在电视的陪伴下长大的，而且一生都在看电视。 Many people grew up with the television as teachers and babysitters, and have lifelong exposure to its influence.4. with+noun With indifference With surprising rapidity 是否应该永不放弃？ 我们从小就被教育要有尊严的接受失败，当然，这个概念并不是不光彩的。 We are taught from childhood to accept defeat with dignity, a conception that is certainly not ignoble.5. sbs +noun They are astonished = their astonishment He supports = his support 野生动物保护的重要性： 认识到野生动物保护的重要性，我不禁要想人们应该采取怎样的措施确保它们能生存下去。 Being aware of animals significance, I could not help wondering what steps man could take to ensure their survival.6. Noun 电视对人们生活的影响： 和报纸、杂志不同，电视不需要会读书、认字。 Unlike newspapers and magazines, television does not require literacy. 如何定义幸福？ 并不是所有人都这样，但有专家指出幸福感更多来源于努力实现梦想的过程，而不是收获最终结果的时候。 Not at all, experts say, but they claim true happiness comes more in the striving to fulfill desires than in the attainment.Summary 1. S+V He escaped.= his escape World population has grown. = the growth of world population 2. S+V+O He controlled the environment. = His control of the environment He depended on them. =His dependence on them 3. S+V+O+O He denied any opportunity to his opponents. =his deny of any opportunity to his opponents 4. S+V+O+C They elected her as the leader. =their election of her as the leader 5. S+Be+P He is intelligent.= his intelligence Her statement is true. =the truth of her statementLearn by doing! The ancient Greeks developed geometry, which helped other European scientists analyze the solar system, which in turn helped us to understand our place in the universe. The ancient Greeks development of geometry provided a great help in other European scientists analysis of the solar system, which in turn offered us a new understanding of our place in the universe. 如何使用“名词化”？ 1. 名词化的部分是主语。 What we have decided might lead to costly consequences. This decision can lead to costly consequences. 2.把名词化和被动结合起来。 If people decide without enough persuasive information, If a decision is reached without enough persuasive information, 3. 前文出现过可用。 We have captured Saddam Hussein, which does not mean that conflict in Iraq ends. The capture of Saddam Hussein does not mean the end of conflict in Iraq. 4.名词化的部分是宾语。 I do not understand either what she meant for or what he intended. I do not understand either her meaning or his intentions. We must examine everything that they propose. We must examine all of their proposals. 5.名词化部分用在there is/are的后面。 We demand that the government stop taxing entertainment. There is a demand for an end to taxation on entertainment. 6. 取代the fact可用。 原句：The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury. 名词化： When I denied his accusations, I impressed the jury. 更好的名词化： a. My denial of his accusations impressed the jury. b. In denying his accusations, I impressed the jury.NB：连用不可 First, there was a review of the evolution of the dorsal fin. Revised: First, she reviewed the evolution of the dorsal fin. First, she reviewed how the dorsal fin evolved.NB：联系不可 His expulsion by school officials caused serious personal reflection. Revised: v Being expelled from school caused him to reflect seriously about his life. He reflected seriously after the school officials expelled him.v After he was expelled by the school officials, he reflected seriously.v He reflected on his life seriously when the school officials expelled him.Over to you! His absolute dedication to his visions resulted in overcoming all his obstacles. Revised: He overcame all obstacles because of his absolute dedication to his visions.NB：轻动词不可 I gave a compliment to the teacher. I complimented the teacher. We should set a limit on playing PC games. Playing PC games should be limited. The country will get many benefits from modernization. The country will benefit greatly from modernization. We all hope to make an improvement in civilization before we die. We all hope to improve civilization before we die. The new American tax laws may result in fewer people giving support to charities. The new American tax laws may result in fewer people supporting charities.形容词名词化 残疾人、穷人、富人、不幸的人。 These seats are for the disabled. In these countries, the poor get poorer, the rich get richer. She was always good with the unfortunate. 不可能的事、不确定的事物、美好的事物、不可避免的事。 Dont expect them to do the impossible. She admired the mystical. Their aim was to discover the good, the beautiful and the true. Eventually, of course, the inevitable happens.3. 使用短语进行替换 优点：增加文章字数。 例如：是否同意政府鼓励在周边地区而非市中心建工厂？ 同意： agree to/ with, vote for/ to be for, voice a support for 建设： build set up, build upPlease reword the underlined phrases! In my view, watching TV might be a better choice (换词) rather than reading books if you want (换词组) to learn some knowledge (换词组). The main (换词) reason for this is that TV has many (换词组) more direct feelings (换词组) than books do. By watching (换词) animals action (换词) in “animal world”, we can learn (换词) much (换词组) useful knowledge (换词) when we fight (换词组) those hard animals (换词). By watching (换词) “science 30 minutes”, we can also learn (换词) much interesting knowledge (换词) about science (换词组) today (换词). In my view, watching TV might be a more acceptable alternative rather than reading books if you are looking forward to build up your knowledge repository. The primary reason for this is that TV can provide us with considerably more intuitive impressions than books do. In my view, watching TV might be a better choice rather than reading books if you want to learn some knowledge. The main reason for this is that TV has many more direct feelings than books do. By watching animals action in “animal world”, we can learn much useful knowledge when we fight those hard animals. By watching “science 30 minutes”, we can also learn much interesting knowledge about science today. By observing animals behavior in “animal world”, we can manage a wide range of useful skills when we deal with those ferocious beasts. By enjoying “science 30 minutes”, we can also discover much interesting information about scientific development nowadays. 4. 使用全新的表达法 例如：我绝不嫁给你。 I will never marry you. Never will I marry you. Under no circumstances will I marry you. More examples: By no means, on no occasion/ account, in no case) If you were the last man in the world, I would definitely remain single. If you were to marry me, I would go to the convent. If the sun rose in the west, I would marry you. If you were to marry me, I would jump into the water (well/ lake/ river/ sea). If Bill Gates were your father, I would marry you. I will marry anybody but you. I can suffer anything but marry you. I would rather die than marry you. You are the last man I am willing to marry.More examples 表原因句型：v The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. 赏析： 定语从句，表语从句和比较状语从句三个从句的结合。2. Another cause is that old employees cannot adapt themselves to the rapid pace of society. 赏析：表语从句和词组的结合。 同义替换： reason=cause=factor=element rapid=eye-catching=eye-dazzling 3. Many people have attributed the rise in violent crime to the increased media coverage of violence. 改为被动语态： Increased media coverage of violence has been cited by many people as the reason why violent crime has been on the rise. 4. 用“there be a causal relationship between and”造句。 There is a causal relationship between media coverage of violence and real-world violence. NB：这种方法需要熟悉英文语法。引述别人观点1. Many people regard the computer as the magic machine. 同义替换： regard/ accept/ treat/ take/ describe/ recognize/ consider something as something look upon something as something2. Some people, on the one hand, are in favor of the idea that advertisement should not be banned. 赏析：同位语从句的使用。 例如： Other people, however, are in favor of the idea that violence shown in media should be banned.改写句子 5.In a multicultural society, any visitor will receive hospitality regardless of race and ethnicity. 用“society”做主语： A multicultural society greets any new member with hospitality regardless of race and ethnicity. 将句子改写为系表结构： A prominent trait of a multicultural society is the tremendous hospitality it offers to every new member, regardless of race and ethnicity. 我们的终极目标：除非万不得已，同一篇文章中绝不重复使用同一个词，同一个短语，同一个句型两次。3. 替换练习 题干： A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.1. 同义词替换 announced claimed, declared, pronounced wi