看纪录片学单词--恒河.doc

#看纪录片学单词# 之恒河2：生命之河影片看点：你可能听说过印度的母亲河是恒河，但你知道她真正的源头是哪里吗？知道她千百年来经历过怎样的变迁吗？为什么恒河平原的土壤如此肥沃，为什么他们对动物看得如此神圣，眼睛蛇能随意滑行于他们的脚边，猴子可以大胆偷吃他们的煎饼，还有，听说他们把尸体直接抛到河里，真的是这样吗？这部影片将会给你答案。 学习指南：以下单词均出自影片台词，前面标一星的为四级词汇，二星的为六级、托福词汇，三星的为托福及以上词汇。大家根据自己的考试要求选择性学习。#看纪录片学单词# 分三步进行，第一步：把影片完整看一遍，可看中文字幕，了解剧情。第二步：看一小段，然后对照下面的单词进行学习。学完以后进行第三步，即再次把影片从头到尾看一遍，注意那些重点词汇和好的口语表达，最后还需反复浏览以下这些词句（最好打印出来，或者存手机）。 词汇统计： 四级词汇：151个 六级/ 托福词汇：148 个 托福及以上词汇：67 个 观看地址： /programs/view/4b7luRnwyEw/下载地址： /html/gndy/dyzz/20090904/21342.html sacred a.神圣的 nourish v.养育 extraordinary a.非凡的 inhabit vt.居住于 inhabitant n.居民 inextricably ad.逃不掉的 extricate v.解脱，救出These sacred waters, and the plains through which they flow, have always nourishedan extraordinary wealth of life. And the lives of the people who inhabit her bankshave long been inextricably linked with nature. 恒河神圣的河水,流经辽阔广大的平原，孕育了无数丰裕的生命，长久以来在沿岸生活的居民，都因应着大自然的变化而迁徙。 intimate a.亲密的 evolve v.发展 sweep v.横扫，席卷 adapt vt.适应 vanish vi.消失But how did this intimate relationship evolve over the centuries as waves of peopleswept across northern India? Which creatures adapted to the tides of change? And which ones vanished forever to live on only in legend? 都因应着大自然的变化而迁徙，可是当北印度人口迅速增加，和数百年来大自然的不断变迁，什么生物适应了改变的河道？什么生物却从此消失了，现在只是活在传说中？ timeline n.时光隧道 tantalizing a.迷人的 glimpse n.一瞥 bountiful a.慷慨的【对比：abundant a.丰富的】The Ganges flows across the plains like a timeline through Indias past.And even today, a journey along her course offers tantalizing glimpses into the rich natural history of this most bountiful river. 恒河流越广阔的平原，就像是印度的时光隧道，时至今天，这条历史上伟大的河流，仍会为你带来惊鸿的一瞥。 congregate v.聚集 gregarious n.群居的 Hindu a.印度教的 fraction n.小部分Once every 12 years, 50 million people congregate on the banks of the Ganges for the Kumbh Mela. This Hindu festival is the greatest gathering on Earth. Yet its only a fraction of the half a billion population that the river supports. 每十二年一次，五千万人为了参加大壶节，聚集在恒河河岸，这个是印度教最盛大的节日，他们只是被恒河孕育数以百万计人口中的一部份 fertile a.肥沃的 sustenance n.食物，生计 sustainOne out of every 10 people on our planet lives within the Ganges basin. And the fertile waters brings sustenance to them all. 地球上每十个人之中便有一个人居住在恒河盆地,丰盛的河产给他们全民带来粮食。 delta n.三角洲The river Ganges ends in the worlds largest delta,and originates in the highest mountain range. But between these extremes, she cuts a 1,500-mile course through the heart of northern India. 恒河发源于最高的山脉,出口是世界上最大的三角洲,但在她的流域之中，长达2500公里的路程，穿越北印度的心脏。 torrent n.急流【对比：terrain n.地形】 flat a.平坦的 marshy a.沼泽般的 lush a.青葱的 wilderness n.荒野 productive a.多产的 landscape n.土地As the fast-flowing mountain torrents reach flatter land, they slow and spread out to create a band of marshy grassland. This lush wilderness is known as the Terai, and its one of Indias most productive landscapes. 当洪流到达这片平坦的土地，河流的速度减低形成无数支流，造成一片多沼泽的草原，这片苍翠茂密的土地，名为特莱平原，是印度最具生产力的地方。 conceal vt.隐藏 seal vt.密封The grass here can grow four metres each year. Tall enough to conceal some oversized wildlife. 这里的草每年可生长4米，高度足够隐藏巨大的野生动物。 succumb to 屈服 plough n.犁 v.耕地 isolated a.偏远的 flourish vi.繁荣 reach n.区域，河段 tributary n.支流 【提示：词根tribut 表“给”】Today, most of the Terai around the Ganges has succumbed to the plough. But isolated pockets still flourish in the far reaches of some of her tributaries. 今天恒河上的特莱平原，大部份被辟作耕地，但在支流上那些偏远的区域，仍是野生动物的乐园。 stronghold n.要塞，堡垒 rhino n.犀牛 roam v.漫步，徘徊 = wanderThese grasslands are the last stronghold of the Indian Rhino, which once roamed throughout the plains. 这片草原是印度犀牛最后的堡垒，从前印度犀牛是满布整片平原的 graze v.吃草 grass herd n.牧群 thrive v.繁荣，兴旺，茁壮 prey n.猎物 predator n.食肉动物With so much to graze upon, huge herds of deer also thrive here. And where theres this much prey, predators are never far away. 由于野草生长茂盛，大量鹿群在这里聚居，这大群吸引的猎物，食肉动物当然不会走远了 prolific a.多产的，富饶的Tigers are surprisingly at home in this watery world. And such prolific hunting grounds enable them to grow into some of the biggest tigers in India. 老虎出奇地以这个水乡为家，这个富饶的猎食场，让它们成为印度体型最大的老虎。 fragment n.片段 habitat n.栖息地 rare a.珍贵的 reminder n.提示物The last fragments of this unique habitat are a rare reminder of just how rich the banks of the Ganges must once have been. 这些栖息地的最后片段，给了我们一个珍贵的提示，诉说着恒河河岸曾是如何富裕。 nomadic a.游牧的 【提示：noma roam v.漫步，徘徊】 encounter v.遇到 teem with 充满When nomadic hunter-gatherers discovered the Ganges,they encountered a riverteeming with so much life that they decided to settle by her banks. 当游牧人和搜猎者来到恒河，他们发现这是一条充满生命的河，他们决定了沿岸定居。 misleading a.误导的 tributary n.支流To consider the Ganges as a single river is misleading.Because throughout her journey,shes joined by thousands of tributaries,many of them large rivers in their own right. 视恒河为单一河流是误导的，因为她全程与数以千条支流交接，支流中很多还是独当一面的大河。 tributary n.支流 plateau n.高原 tumble vi.摔倒，倒塌【对比：tremble n.颤抖】The southern tributaries are fed by rainfall on Indias central plateau. And they tumble from this higher land to meet the Ganges on the plains. 印度中部的高原降雨在南边支流，支流从高地往下流，与平原上的恒河汇合。 arid a.干旱的【反：humid a.潮湿的】Fed by underground springs, the river flows through some of Indias most arid lands before reaching the plains. 它是由地下水汇聚而成，河流到达平原前，流经印度最贫瘠的土地。 scratch a living 勉强度日 oasis n.绿洲 treasure n.财富Though some people do scratch a living here, the Chambal remains a wildlife oasis for the natural treasures once found right along the Ganges. 虽然人群在这里聚居但昌巴尔河仍是野生动物的绿洲，是恒河拥有的天然财富。 migrant n.候鸟 immigrant n.移民 goose n.鹅 permanent a.永久的 residence n.居住 resident n.居民Some migrant birds, such as Bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks, fly all the way across the Himalaya to over-winter here in the desert sun. Others, like spoonbills,take up permanent residence. 像斑头雁和斑嘴鸭这些候鸟，飞越喜马拉雅山，来到这个充满阳光的地方过冬。其他的，像篦鹭也在这里定居。 graceful a.优美的 patrol v.巡逻 【提示：pat 词根 pet “走” 】 trawl v.（用网）捕鱼This is one of only a few places where these graceful birds still patrol the waters, trawling for fish with their outsized lower bill. 这是少数的地方，仍有这些优美的雀鸟在水面盘旋，愉快地用它们特大的下喙捕鱼。 inhabitant n.居住者As night falls over the desert, the Chambals most unusual inhabitants begin to surface. 黑夜降临沙漠，昌巴尔河最不寻常的栖息者，开始出动了。 bizarre a.奇怪的 crocodile n.鳄鱼 haul vt.拖拉：drag beckon v.召唤On warm May nights, bizarre-looking crocodiles haul themselves far up the sandy banks beckoned by strange sounds. 在五月温暖的晚上，外型奇特的鳄鱼，慢慢爬到沙岸上，用怪异的声音互相呼应着。 extraordinary a.非凡的 reptile n.爬行动物 creep vi.爬 precious a.珍贵的 brood n.（动物的）一窝 gharial n.大鳄鱼As few as 200 of these extraordinary reptiles survive in the wild. So this precious brood represents a new generation of hope for the endangered gharial. 至少有二百种这些不寻常的，爬虫动物生存在野外，所以这些珍贵的幼儿，代表了频临绝种的恒河鳄。 expose v.暴露 vulnerable a.易受攻击的 wound predator n.掠夺者 instinct n.本能 sanctuary n.避难所,圣殿 saint n.圣人Now exposed, theyre vulnerable to predators and instinct drives them towards the sanctuary of the river. 暴露在外面，这些幼儿对捕猎者全无防备能力，但本能地它们跑往河里的避难处。 lurk vi.潜伏 lower gharial n.大鳄鱼 inhabit vt.居住于But even here, monsters lurk. Male gharial that grow up to six metres long also inhabit these waters, and at night theyre on the hunt. 可是这里可能也是危机四伏，长达六米的雄恒河鳄，同样栖息河里，在晚间觅食。 formidable a.可怕的: fearful jaw n.颚 specialise v.专攻 profile n.外形: outline minimal a.最小的 resistance n.阻力The gharials formidable-looking jaws are actually specialised for catching fish. A thin profile allows them to snap shut with minimal water-resistance. 恒河鳄可怕的巨颚，是捕鱼的最佳工具，纤薄的外型可减低水流的阻力。 hatch vt.孵化 prey n.猎物But in the shadowy light, a small hatchling can easily be mistaken for prey. 在这朦胧的光线下，幼鳄很容易被误作猎物。 tributary n.支流 replenish v.补充 【提示：词根ple = full,如：supplement v.补充】Rain-fed tributaries such as the Chambal play a small part in replenishing the flow of the Ganges. But the majority of her water comes from a different source. 昌巴尔河被雨水灌注的支流，只是恒河水域的一小部份，主要的河水均来自不同的源头。 colossal a.巨大的: enormousThroughout her journey across the plains, the Ganges remains in the shadow of the Himalaya, and shes continually fed by rivers that flow from this colossal chain of mountains. 围绕着整个平原的恒河流域，都受到喜马拉雅山的影响，这巨大绵远的山脉，不断为恒河灌注河水。 glacial a.冰河的 ensure v.保证，担保 constant a.持续的 arid a.干旱的This glacial melt water ensures a constant supply to the arid plains, even during the driest months. 冰河溶化不断提供干旱平原的补给，即使是在最干旱的月份。 glacier n.冰河 tributary n.支流 bestow on 赠与 precious a.珍贵的Almost half of the water in the Ganges originates from glaciers. And these northern tributaries also bestow on the Ganges an even more precious gift. 恒河接近一半的水源来自冰河，而这些从北而来的支流给恒河，送赠了一份异常珍贵的礼物。 soar v.剧增 【联想：ar 看成 air，s 形升到空中】 Celsius a.摄氏的 recede v.后退 【提示：词根 ced 表“走”】 searing a.炽热的 bake v.烘烤By May, temperatures on the plains can soar to 50 degrees Celsius. Despite her meltwater supply, even the Ganges begins to recede. And the searing sun bakes the earth dry. 五月平原的温度可达摄氏50度，即使有冰河溶雪的补给，恒河也开始干涸了，灼热的太阳把土地烘干。 stifling a.令人窒息的 unbearable a.无法忍受的 moist a.潮湿的 laden a.装满的 monsoon n.雨季Just as the stifling heat is becoming unbearable, change is in the air. As ocean winds carry moist air towards the plains, clouds begin to fill the summer sky. Laden with moisture, they grow dark and heavy until finally, around mid-June, the monsoon arrives. 当窒息的高温让人没法忍受时，天气开始转变了，海风把潮湿的空气带到平原，云层开始布满夏天的天空，潮湿的空气令云层不断积聚，最后，约六月中，雨季来临了。 rejuvenate vt.使恢复活力 【提示：juven = young, 见：juvenile n.青少年】These are anything but grey days. The monsoon rejuvenates life on the plains, and its welcomed by all. 在这段天色阴暗的日子，因雨季回复生气的平原欢欣雀跃。 torrential a.奔流的 downpour n.倾盆大雨The torrential downpours continue for three months, and most of this water ends up in the Ganges. 倾盆大雨会连续下三个月，大部份雨水均会流入恒河。 transform v.改变 raging a.狂怒的 torrent n.急流 carve v.刻 slope n.斜坡Rainfall on the Himalaya transforms mountain streams into raging torrents, which carve their way down the rocky slopes. 在喜马拉雅山脉的降雨，让山川变成急流，澎湃地涌进岩石坡。 sediment n.沉淀物 【联想：se色，di 底 颜色沉到底部】 laden a.装满的 feed vi.流入 burst v.冲破These sediment-laden waters feed into the Ganges until she can hold no more. The river bursts her banks, flooding many thousands of square miles. 这些满载沉积物的河水注入恒河，恒河最终也难以负荷了，河水冲破河岸，泛滥数千平方公里。 fade v.褪色，减弱 recede v.后退 reveal vt.展现 mud n.泥As the monsoon fades, the receding floodwaters reveal their parting gift. Mud. 雨季开始停止的时候，消退的河水露出它们告别的礼物，泥浆。 monsoon n.雨季 mineral-rich a.富含矿物质的 sediment n.沉淀物 dump v.倾倒，堆存Each monsoon, the Ganges collects half a billion tons of mineral-rich sediment from the Himalaya and dumps it on the plains. 每次雨季恒河收集了来自喜马拉雅山约半亿吨的富含矿物质的沉积物，并把沉积物弃置于平原。 millennia n.千年（复数） millennium fertile a.肥沃的 cultivate v.栽培，耕作 variety n.种类For millennia, the fertile land and year-round water supply provided by the river have enabled the people of the plains to cultivate an endless variety of crops. 百千年来，河流提供了肥沃的土地和全年用水量，让生活在平原的人可以耕作无数不同种类的农作物。 flourish vi.繁荣 worship v.崇拜 miraculous a.奇迹的 miracle n.奇迹As farming flourished, the people began to worship the miraculous life-giving powers of the Ganges. 当农业兴旺时，人们开始崇拜恒河赐予生命的神奇力量。 religion n.宗教 sow v.播种 revere v.敬畏：awe, fearThe seeds of a new religion were sown. People revered the natural forces and crops upon which they depended. 新宗教的种子萌芽了，人们敬畏自然力量，和他们依赖的农作物。 adapt vt.适应 staple a.主要的【对比：stable a.稳定的】 paddy field 稻田 dominate v.统治，支配 landscape n.土地Perfectly adapted to grow in the Ganges flood cycle. Its been the staple foodfor 7,000 years. Today, paddy fields dominate the landscape. And so much rice is grown here that the area has become known as the rice bowl of India. 在恒河泛滥周期生长茂盛的稻米，是七千年来的主要食粮。今天，稻田占了土地的主要部份，因为盛产稻米，这里被称为“印度的粮仓”。 domestic animals 家畜 ingenious a.机灵的，巧妙的，有独创性的：clever genius n.天才The people of the Ganges have long kept all sorts of domestic animals and put them to use in ingenious ways. 恒河的居民饲养不同种类的家畜，并把它们巧妙地利用。 herd n.群 lucrative a.有利润的：profitable occupation n.职业 herder n.牧者 graze v.吃草 flock n.群 paddy field 稻田Duck herding is an ancient and lucrative occupation. So many ducks lay a lot of eggs, and the herders are also paid to graze their flocks on the paddy fields. 养鸭是古老及有利可图的行业，鸭蛋的产量更是可观的进帐，养鸭人把鸭群驱赶到稻田里去。 weed n.杂草 inundate v.淹没 dropping n.粪便 dollop n.块，团 organic fertilizer 有机肥As the ducks feed, they clear the weeds from the inundated fields, and their droppings add extra dollops of organic fertilizer. 因为鸭子会吃掉水稻里的杂草，而它们的排泄物便是有机肥料。 domestic animals 家畜 cultivated land 耕地 wetland n.湿地 paddy field 稻田 bearer n.送信者Yet it isnt just domestic animals that are welcome on the cultivated land. The wetlands around the paddy fields make an ideal home for all sorts of wild birds. And one visitor to these fields is honoured as a bearer of good fortune. 不仅是饲养的家畜在耕地受欢迎，稻田四周的湿地也成为所有野生鸟类的家，而田地的其中一位来访者，更被誉为会带来好运。 magnificent a.华丽的 faithful a.忠实的 venerate v.崇敬 marital a.婚姻的 bliss n.幸福 bless v.祝福These magnificent birds pair for life, and their faithful nature has led them to be venerated as symbols of marital bliss. 这些美丽的鸟儿双双对对地生活，它们忠于配偶的天性，被尊崇为至善婚姻的象征。 strengthen v.巩固，加强 partnership n.关系 crane n.鹤 elegant a.优雅的 courtship n.求爱To help strengthen their partnerships, the cranes perform elegant courtship dances. 为了吸引心仪的对象注意，赤颈鹤会跳出优雅的求偶舞蹈。 thrive v.繁荣，兴旺 landscape n.土地 adapt v.适应 amenable a.顺从的Although some animals thrived in the changing landscape, many were not so well-adapted to survive the rise of agriculture. And not all made such amenable neighbors. 虽然不少动物在环境转变中欣欣向荣，但也有很多动物不能在农业掘起下适应生存，也缺乏了友善的邻居。 dense a.浓密的 density n.浓度，密度 untamed a.未驯服的，野性的 tame v.驯养 teem with 充满 savannah n.大草原But at this time, the farmed areas were mere islands within an endless sea of dense forest and grassland. This untamed jungle teemed with animals, some of which might seem more at home on the African savannah than in India. 这些位于小湖里的岛屿拥有茂密的森林和草原，这些未开发的森林被动物占据，有些动物更把印度视为非洲大草原的家。 cheetah n.印度豹 prowl v.巡游 predator n.肉食动物Its often forgotten that both lions and cheetahs once prowled these plains. But how long could the growing human population share the land with such powerful predators? 人们早已忘记狮子和印度豹曾在这平原到处觅食，但这些增长的人口可跟强大猎食者分享此地多久？ spring up 迅速成长 impenetrable a.难以渗透的 penetrate v.渗透 wilderness n.荒野Settlements were springing up all along the Ganges. And the river provided an open route of communication through the otherwise impenetrable wilderness. 民居沿着恒河聚居，河流开放了互相交往的路线，穿越不能通过的荒野。 mature v.成熟 elaborate a.复杂的As traffic on the river increased, small trading posts developed into large ports. Within these towns, the civilization matured. And religion grew more elaborate.当河上的交通路线不断增加，小商港发展为繁荣的商业城市，这些小镇不断被推向文明，宗教的发展更加复杂了。 Hinduism n.印度教 evolve v.发展 absorb vt.吸收 reverence n.敬畏Hinduism evolved along the banks of the Ganges, absorbing the local reverence for nature into a more complex faith. 印度教沿着恒河河岸逐步形成，吸收了当地对自然的敬畏，形成了一种复杂的信仰。 worship v.崇拜 deity n.神：god abundance n.丰富 sacred a.神圣的But the river always remained at the very heart of the religion. And soon she came to be worshipped as a powerful deity in her own right. Ganga, the goddess of creationand abundance. And theres one point along her waters thats considered sacred above all others. 但恒河仍占宗教的首席位置，她很快被崇拜为一位独有自然力量的神，刚迦，创造与丰盛之女神，恒河上有一个地方，它被视为比任何地方都神圣。 intertwine v.纠缠 【提示：tw two,两东西相互纠缠】Varanasi is the most ancient city on the river. And it has long been deeply intertwined with the Hindu faith. 瓦拉纳西是恒河上最古老的城市，它跟印度教的信仰深深纠缠。 orientation n.方向 ghat n.河边石梯 illuminate vt.照亮 【提示：词根 lumin 表“光”】 pilgrim n.朝圣者 hallowed a.神圣的：holyThe orientation of the river allows a long series of bathing ghats to face the rising sun, illuminating the thousands of pilgrims that visit Varanasi to pray in the hallowed waters. 河流的流向，让一层层沐浴于河边的梯级迎向日出，照亮着成千上万的朝圣者前往瓦拉纳西祈求圣水的祝福。 animist n.万物有灵论者 ensure v.确保 hanuman n.长尾猴 warrior n.勇士 celebrated a.著名的 deity n.神The animist origins of the religion ensured animals a powerful role in Hindu belief. Ganesh, the elephant god, and Hanuman, the monkey warrior, are the most celebrated deities that take animal form. 不同的宗教会有不同的信仰，动物在印度教的信仰中，担当着一个重要地位，“大象之神甘尼许”和“战神长尾猴”被视为诸动物中最受敬仰的神。 Hindu n.印度人 incorporate v.合并 revere v.敬畏 interpretation n.解释 deity n.神 demon n.恶魔But Hindus also associate many other creatures with their gods. So many animals have been incorporated into the religion in one way or another that exactly which creatures should be revered, and by whom, is open to interpretation. One mans deity may be another mans demon. 印度教的很多神是与生物有关的，很多动物从不同的途径跟教义结合，至于为何该种生物会备受尊敬，则有待解释了。某人的神可能是别人的恶魔。 deadly a.致命的 cobra n.眼睛蛇 slither v.滑动: slideThough deadly, unusually high numbers of cobras can be found slithering freelythrough the streets and houses. 即使会致命，但是大量的眼镜蛇都自由地在街上和房子里游走。 overcome vt.克服 venom n.毒液Believing theyve been blessed with the power to overcome the effects of the venom, the villagers pay the snakes little attention. 村民相信神会庇佑他们解除蛇毒，他们对蛇毫无戒心。 inevitably ad.不可避免 evade v.逃避 victim n.受害人 cobra n.眼睛蛇 miraculous a.奇迹般的 recovery n.恢复Bites do inevitably and regularly occur in the