2018_2019学年高中英语Unit22EnvironmentalProtectionSectionⅣ课时语法精讲北师大版.docx

Unit 22 Environmental Protection Section 课时语法精讲 KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG 语法预备役用括号里动词的适当形式完成下面句子1Finance _(organise) to deal with road noise pollution in all major cities.答案：has been organised2The fund for housing _(allocate) by them.答案：will be allocated3One of their most spectacular projects _(call) Surrounded Islands.答案：was called4Eleven islands on the coast near Miami _ (surround) over six thousand square metres of pink plastic!答案：were surrounded by5The question _(discuss) at the meeting now.答案：is being discussed语法讲座被动语态一、被动语态的用法被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，常用于下列三种情况：(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或由于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。(2)需要突出或强调动作的承受者。(3)由于某种理由(如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组合句法关系)而需要用被动语态。The box is kept in the shade.盒子被放在阴凉处。Such exercises are often done by the students in class.这类练习常常由学生在课堂上做。二、被动语态的构成时态形式举例一般现在时is/am/are doneNew problems are dealt with every day.每天都有新的问题被处理。一般过去时was/were doneThese letters were written in 1990.这些信是1990年写的。一般将来时will bedoneMany trees will be planted next year.明年将种许多树。过去将来时would be doneThe plan would be carried out.计划将被执行。现在进行时is/am/are being doneThe question is being discussed at present.问题现在正在讨论之中。过去进行时was/were being doneAt that time he was being shown how to swim.那时他正在被教如何游泳。现在完成时has/have been doneBoth the towers have already been repaired.两个塔已被修复完毕。过去完成时had been doneHe said that some bridges had been washed away.他说一些桥已被冲走。三、非谓语动词的被动语态1不定式的被动语态分为一般式和完成式，即：to be done和to have been done。不定式的一般式表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时(几乎同时)发生，或是发生在它之后。不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting.今晚要上演的新剧将十分有趣。The press conference is to be held tomorrow.新闻发布会明天举行。The room seems to have been tidied up already.这个房间似乎已经整理过了。2动名词的被动语态(1)动名词被动语态的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在其前发生。The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这只松鼠很幸运，它恰好逃脱。(2)动名词被动语态的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。I remembered having been taken to Beijing when I was a child.我记得我小时候被带着去过北京。3现在分词的被动语态(1)现在分词被动语态的一般式，表示一个被动的动作正在进行。The school being built is intended for the disabled children.正在修建的学校是为残疾儿童准备的。I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist.我突然感到自己被重重地打了一拳。(2)现在分词被动语态的完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词之前已经完成了。The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.由于受到严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。Not having been informed of the news, they didnt attend the meeting.因为未被告知，他们没有到会。强化印证1用所给动词的适当形式填空1The discovery of new evidence led to the thief _ (catch)答案：being caught2_ (injure) in the accident, he had to be taken to the hospital immediately.答案：Having been seriously injured3The broken window wants _ (repair)答案：repairing/to be repaired4The problem is worthy of _ (discuss)答案：being discussed5The question _ (discuss) is of great importance.答案：being discussed6The meeting _ (hold) tomorrow afternoon is of great importance.答案：to be held7Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ (see) whether they will enjoy it.答案：to be seen8There is a meeting _ (attend)答案：to attend9To go shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rule _ (broke)答案：never to be broken10Little Tom would love _ (take) to the theater this evening.答案：to be taken四、主动形式表示被动意义1write, read, sell, wash等动词可用来表示主语内在的品质或性能，与well, badly, easily等评价性副词连用时，用主动形式表示被动意义。The cloth washes easily.这布很好洗。The new product sells well.新产品很畅销。2feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain等系动词后接表语时一般用主动形式表被动意义。The material feels very soft.这种布料摸起来很软。The food tastes delicious.这种食品尝起来很美味。3need, require, want等动词和be worth后接动名词时，动名词虽为主动形式，却表示被动意义。My watch doesnt work; it needs repairing.我的手表坏了，它需要修理。This film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得看。强化印证2用所给动词的适当形式填空1The cloth _ (wash) well.答案：washes2The door wont _ (shut)答案：shut3The story _ (sound) very interesting.答案：sounds4This coat _(dry) easily.答案：dries考点研讨1There are still many problems _ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.答案研讨：to be solved句意：在我们在月球上长久居住之前，仍有许多问题要解决。problems与solve是被动关系，solve又是将要发生的事，故应用to be solved。做非谓语动词题型时，既要分析判断出非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主、被动关系，还要分析判断非谓语动词发生的时间。2. We wont start the work until all the preparations _ (make)答案研讨：have been made句意：直到一切准备就绪时，我们才开始干活。在时间状语从句中，实行“主将从现”原则，故从句用现在完成时，preparations与make构成动宾关系，故用被动语态。3. The lecture _ (give)，a lively questionandanswer session followed.答案研讨：having been given句意：演讲完成后，接下来是现场问答会。give这一动作发生在follow之前，而the lecture与give构成被动关系，故用现在分词完成被动式。4. We are confident that the environment _ (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.答案研讨：will be improved考查动词的时态和语态。根据we are confident 和by our further efforts可知，环境得到改善应该是将来的事情，故用一般将来时的被动语态。5.So what is the procedure?All the applicants _ (interview) before a final decision is made by the authority.答案研讨：are interviewed考查动词的时态和语态。句意：那么程序是什么样？所有申请人都被面试后，官方才做最终抉择。申请人通过面试为客观事实情况而不是具体一次性行为，且为被动。达标演练.完成句子1The press conference is _ (hold) tomorrow.新闻发布会将于明天举行。答案：to be held2The question _ (discuss) at present.这个问题目前正在讨论。答案：is being discussed3He said that some houses _ (burn) down in the big fire.他说一些房子在这场大火中烧毁。答案：had been burnt4The room seems _ (clean) already.这个房间似乎已经打扫了。答案：to have been cleaned5Her new album _ (sell) well and she rises to fame overnight.她的新唱片很畅销，使她一夜成名。答案：sells6The little trees require _ (water) every day.这些小树需要每天浇。答案：watering/to be watered7The picturebook is well worth _ (read)The picturebook is very worthy _ (read)这本图画书非常值得一读。答案：reading; to be read/ of being read8This problem is difficult _ (work out)这个问题难以算出。答案：to work out9The next week we will go to America. If so, our pet dog will _ (take care of) by grandma.下周我们要去美国。如果那样的话，我们的宠物狗要由奶奶照顾了。答案：be taken care of10The teacher made me go out of the lecture hall. That is to say, I was made _ (go) out of the lecture hall.老师让我到演讲大厅外，也就是说，我被赶出了演讲大厅。答案：to go.单句语法填空(不多于3个单词)1 Shakespeares play Hamlet _ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.答案：has been made考查动词的时态和语态。句意：在过去的几年里，莎士比亚的戏剧哈姆雷特被制作成至少10部不同的影片。“over the past 时间段”通常与现在完成时连用，且句子主语与make之间是被动关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。2The lecture _ (give), a lively questionandanswer session followed.答案：having been given句意：演讲之后，紧跟着一个生动的问答环节。本题考查非谓语动词。the lecture是give的逻辑主语，两者间为被动关系，且该动作发生在谓语动词followed之前，故应使用现在分词完成式的被动形式，the lecture having been given是独立主格结构，在句中作时间状语。3 Unless some extra money_(find), the theatre will close.答案：is found句意：除非找到一些额外资金，否则这家剧院就得关门。由主句中的will可知unless引导的从句应用一般现在时态表将来，且money和find之间是被动关系，故答案为is found。4 Most highways are lined with billboards, which are intended to _ (read) by passing drivers.答案：to be read考查不定式的被动形式。句意：大部分公路两旁都有广告牌，这些广告牌是为了让来往的司机看的。be intended to do sth.“是用来做的”，再依据后面的“by passing drivers”可知，应用被动式。5 The stones each _ (weigh) as much as two tons.答案：weigh考查主谓一致和语态。句意：这些石头每个重达两吨。本句的主语The stones是复数形式，故谓语动词用复数形式；且weigh“重量是”，无被动语态，故空处填weigh。6Hundreds of jobs _ (lose) if the factory closes.答案：will be lostjobs与lose是被动关系，且条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。句意：如果这家工