课件：碳水化合物的消化CHO-dig.ppt

,Large Intestine,Carbohydrate Digestion in Ruminant,Small Intestine,Pancreas,Rumen-Reticulum,Fermentation,Mammalian digestion,Starch,Salivary Amylase,Starch + large dextrins,Maltotriose and alpha limit dextrins,Maltose,Maltase,Pancreatic amylase,Glucose,+,Lactose Sucrose,Lactase Sucrase,Glucose Fructose Galactose,FIBER,Fiber,Undigested starch and dextrins,Volatile fatty acids,非反刍动物的碳水化合物消化,乳糖 蔗糖,纤维,淀粉,Large Intestine,Carbohydrate Digestion in Ruminant,Small Intestine,Pancreas,Rumen-Reticulum,Starch,Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid,Energy, Synthesis of Fatty acid,Energy, Synthesis of Glucose,Energy,Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectin Lignin,Glucose,Fermentation,Mammalian digestion,Fermentation,Fermentation,What are the primary molecules pigs use for energy when fed a grain based diet,VFA Glucose,What are the primary molecules cattle, sheep and goats use for energy when fed a high grain diet,VFA Glucose,What are the primary molecules cattle, sheep and goats use for energy when fed a all forage diet,VFA Glucose,What are the primary molecules horses use for energy when fed a all forage diet,VFA Glucose,What are the primary molecules horses use for energy when fed a diet consisting of 50% grain and 50% forage?,VFA Glucose,Sites of Carbohydrate Digestion碳水化合物消化位置,Mouth Salivary amylase begins digestion of starch 唾液淀粉酶开始淀粉消化 True Stomach HCl ruptures starch granules胃酸破裂淀粉细粒,Sites of Carbohydrate Digestion碳水化合物消化位置,Small Intestine小肠 Amylase淀粉酶 From the pancreas; primary enzyme digesting starch胰腺分泌淀粉酶，是基本的淀粉消化酶。 Maltase麦芽糖酶 (brush border enzyme)刷状缘酶 Sucrase甘蔗糖 (brush border enzyme)刷状缘酶 (not found in ruminants)反刍动物未发现甘蔗糖酶 Lactase乳糖酶 (brush border enzyme)刷状缘酶,Carbohydrate Digestion By Mammalian Enzymes哺乳动物碳水化合物消化酶,Sites of Carbohydrate Digestion碳水化合物消化位置,Rumen-Reticulum/Large Intestine 瘤胃-网胃/大肠 Bacteria and protozoa ferment carbohydrates and produce the VFA 细胞和原虫发酵碳水化合物生成挥发性脂肪酸 For Example:,Absorption of Monosaccharides单糖吸收,Absorbed only in the small intestine 单糖只在小肠吸收 Absorption requires carrier molecules and energy, so it is termed active transport 单糖吸收需要载体和能量，所以属于主动转运。,Volatile Fatty Acid Formation from Glucose葡萄糖形成挥发性脂肪酸,Acetic acid,Glucose,C6H12O6,2 acetate + CO2 + CH4 + Heat,(2) C2H4O2,Propionic acid,Glucose + electrons,2 propionate + H2O,(2) C3H6O2,Butyrate + CO2 + CH4,Butyric acid,C6H12O6,C6H12O6,C4H8O2,Glucose,乙酸,丙酸,丁酸,葡萄糖,Efficiencies of Volatile Fatty Acid Formation*挥发性脂肪酸合成效率,Acetate乙酸,Absorbed and carried to the liver, but a small amount is converted to ketone bodies in the rumen wall 吸收转运至肝脏，但小量在瘤胃壁内转化成酮体 In the liver acetate is converted to acetyl CoA which can be:在肝，乙酸被转化成乙酰辅酶A Oxidized via the TCA cycle to produce energy 通过三羧酸循环氧化产生能量 Used to synthesize fatty acids用于合成脂肪酸 Precursor of milk and body fatty acids; inadequate production of acetate by fermentation in lactating dairy cows will lower butter fat content乳和体内脂肪酸的前体，泌乳牛通过发酵产生的乙酸量不足时，体脂含量会降低。,Propionate丙酸,Absorbed and carried to liver吸收转运至肝 Converted to Succinyl CoA转化成辅酶A Succinyl CoA can be used in TCA cycle to produce energy or it can be used for synthesis of glucose 辅酶A被用于三羧酸循环而产生能量，或者用于合成葡萄糖。 Propionic acid is the main precursor for glucose synthesis in ruminants 反刍动物中，丙酸是合成葡萄糖的主要前体。,Butyrate丁酸,Almost all is converted to 3-hydroxybutyrate (a ketone body) in rumen wall and used for energy production 在瘤胃壁内转化成3-羟基丁酸（一种酮体），用于产生能量。,Importance of VFAs for Ruminants 挥发性脂肪酸对反刍动物的重要性,Primary molecules used for energy at the tissue level 在组织水平是合成能量的基本分子 Acetate is the most abundant VFA produced by fermentation; propionate = 2nd; butyrate = 3rd 乙酸是通过发酵产生的最多挥发性脂肪酸，是丙酸二倍，丁酸三倍。 Exact ratios of acetate:propionate:butyrate vary with diet and feeding practices, but the ranking never changes 乙酸:丙酸:丁酸的比例会随饲粮和饲养水平而变化，但排序不会变。,Effect of Forage:Concentrate Ratio on Proportion of Fatty Acids in the Rumen 粗精比对瘤胃中脂肪酸含量的影响,Importance of VFAs for Ruminants挥发性脂肪酸对反刍动物的重要性,Feeding high starch diets (high in grain) increases the proportion of propionate and increases growth rate, feed efficiency and milk production compared to feeding high fiber diets. 与饲喂高纤维饲粮相比，饲喂高淀粉饲粮（谷物含量高）提高丙酸的比例，进而提高生长速度、饲料转化率和奶产量。 Feeding high fiber diets (high in roughages) increases the proportion of acetate and increases fat content of milk in cows. Growth rate, feed efficiency and milk production will be lower, compared to high grain diets. 与饲喂高谷物饲粮相比，饲喂高纤维饲粮（粗饲料含量高）提高乙酸的比例，进而增加奶牛中乳脂含量。但生长速度、饲料转化率和奶产量将下降。,Importance of VFAs for Ruminants挥发性脂肪酸对反刍动物的重要性,Grinding, pelleting, and some additives (e.g., monesin) increase production of propionate by altering the microbial population in the rumen 粉碎、制粒和一些饲料添加剂通过改变瘤胃中微生物数量提高丙酸产量,Importance of VFAs for Herbivores, Omnivores 挥发性脂肪酸对草食性家畜的重要性,In the cecum and colon, acetate is predominant product of fermentation followed by propionate and butyrate. 在盲肠和直肠，乙酸是由丙酸和丁酸发酵的前体物质。 The VFA are the primary molecules used for energy in horses fed only forages. 马仅饲喂牧草，挥发性脂肪酸是基本的提供能量的物质,Gases of Fermentation发酵气体,Consist primarily of CO2 and CH4 发酵气体主要由二氧化碳和甲烷组成 Neither is useful to the animal and is released into atmosphere during eructation 对于动物来说，两者均无用处，只能通过嗳气形式排出体外。,End,后面内容直接删除就行 资料可以编辑修改使用 资料可以编辑修改使用 资料仅供