植物营养与分子生物学.ppt

植物营养学 与现代生物技术,徐芳森,植物营养学 研究植物营养原理与施肥的科学。,植物营养原理 研究植物对营养元素的吸收、运转、分配和利用，以及植物体与环境之间营养物质和能量转化过程及其调控的科学。,植物必需营养元素（定义，分类，种类）？ 有益元素？ 每个必需营养元素的吸收（代谢与同化）、体内含量、分配、营养功能、缺乏（或中毒）症状（诊断）？,每个必需营养元素所对应的肥料（种类、性质和施用技术等）？ N,P,K 肥料三要素? 微肥？单质肥料与复合肥料？有机与无机肥？含Cl-肥料与含SO4 2- 肥料？ 施肥与环境？ 配方施肥？,尤李比西 (1803-1873),Liebig (1840) “Organic chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology ”,Macroelement C, H, O,N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S Microelement Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Cl,CO2,Uptake and distribution of boron at flowering stage (g) B-ineffi. B-effi. -B +B -B +B Oldest leaf 11.02 17.27 7.70 13.70 Youngest leaf 0.024 0.15 0.245 0.586 Main stem 10.55 28.72 23.73 26.68 Flower 1.23 5.67 3.46 7.85 Bud 1.84 11.48 1.96 7.00 Total 32.85 89.37 45.63 78.21,Enzymology,Isotope trace technique,Soil Science,Agronomy,Traditional Understanding on Plant Nutrition,Plant Nutrition,Plant Physiology,Soil Science,Crop Plant,Soil,Fertilizer,Plant Nutriology,Modern Discipline of Plant Nutrition,Genomics Proteomics Metabomics Plant Nutriomics Ionomics,Signal,Signal,transduction,transduction,Rec.,Rec.,Plant,Plant,Nutriomics,Nutriomics,Signal,Signal,transduction,transduction,Rec.,Rec.,Plant,Plant,Nutriomics,Nutriomics,Mller and Kersten, 2003,NRT1 family of nitrate transporters,Two families of nitrate transporter genes have been identified to date: the NRT1 and NRT2 families.,CHL1 participates in both low and high affinity uptake.,N,NRT2 family of nitrate transporters,The NRT2 family of genes encode nitrate-inducible, high affinity nitrate transporters.,AMT1 family of NH4+ transporters,Model for the feedback regulation of the AtAMT1.1 gene by N metabolites.,A model for secondary Pi transport across the plasma membrane.,P,These nine Pht1 genes are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively. The diagram depicts introns (thin lines) and exons (black boxes).,Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis phosphate transporter protein sequences.,Citrate, acetate,Phosphate,Fe-phosphate,ATP,ADP + Pi,H+-ATPase,H+,H+,H+,Phosphate-H+ cotransport,Citrate, acetate,Phosphate,Fe-acetate,H+,H+,Fe-citrate,Fe3+ reductase,Fe2+,Fe2+ channel,Citrate,Fe2+,Cytosol,Soil,The first high-affinity K+ transporter, HKT1, was cloned by complementation of yeast trk1trk2 K+ transport mutant with a cDNA library,a mass of 59 kDa and contain 12 membrane-spanning domains,Expression of HKT1 in Xenopus oocytes gave rise to large inward currents in the present of K+.,K,克隆到的编码K+转运蛋白的植物基因,H+/ Ca 2+反向转运子主要功能是维持细胞原生质膜保持较低的Ca 2+浓度。,Ca,Ca通道(主要通过与3-磷酸肌醇（IP3）或ADP-核糖作用)维持细胞原生质膜的Ca 2+浓度。,植物中广泛的代谢和发育信号都可以引发胞质中游离Ca 2+ 的提高。,游离Ca 2+ 提高的直接作用目标包括离子通道，转运子，还包括钙调蛋白、含有钙调蛋白域的蛋白激酶等。,Overview of sulfur uptake, reduction, and transport in plants,APS: 5-腺苷酰硫酸 PAPS: 3磷酸腺苷5-磷酰硫酸,S,Model of a Plant S transporter with 12 regions spanning the plasma membrane,B,At1g15460 At1g74810 At2g47160 At3g06450 At3g62270 At4g32510 At5g25430,双子叶植物和非禾本科单子叶植物铁吸收模式图,Fe,从拟南芥中分离到根三价铁还原酶基因FRO2。 它负责电子跨膜转运的黄色细胞色素超家族中的一员。,拟南芥中分离到铁转运蛋白IRT1。,IRT1,WT,IRT1 -WT,抗盐性一般是多基因控制的，具有数量遗传性状的复杂性，呈“多因一效”的模式。,Number of genes induced (A) or repressed (B) in low Pi. Comparison of short-term (diamonds，3，6，12 h), medium-term (squares, 1,2 d), and long-term (circles, 5 M ) experiments. Julie et al, PNAS, 2005, 102:11934-11939,In various metabolic pathways: ion transport, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and other processes related to growth and development.,转基因植株和对照的田间表现。 A 至D, 盆载, E: 水培，F、G和 H分别为低氮低磷和正常营养条件下田间的结果 A：0 毫克磷每公斤土, B和D：30 毫克磷每公斤土, C：200 毫克磷每公斤土, ( From Lian 2005),植酸酶基因表达盒,（From Chen 2005）,WT plants in the presence of 5 mM NaCl. Transgenic plants in the presence of 5 mM NaCl. (D) WT plants grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl. (E) Transgenic plants in the presence of 200 mM NaCl.,2001, 19 :765-768 nature biotechnology,Focus on genes that control uptake and accumulation of solutes, including Ca, K, Mg, P (plant macronutrients), Co, Cu, Fe, Li, B, Mn, Mo, N